JNK Inhibitor Molecules For Treatment Of Various Diseases

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to the use of novel JNK inhibitor molecules and their use in a method of treatment of the human or animal body by therapy.

SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMISSION VIA EFS-WEB

A computer readable text file, entitled “067802-5031-01-SequenceListing.txt” created on or about Jul. 22, 2016, with a file size of about ss kb contains the sequence listing for this application and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The present invention relates to the field of enzyme inhibition, in particular to (poly-)peptide inhibitors of c-Jun amino terminal kinase (JNK). In particular, the present invention relates to using these JNK inhibitors in the treatment of various diseases.

The c-Jun amino terminal kinase (JNK) is a member of the stress-activated group of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. These kinases have been implicated in the control of cell growth and differentiation, and, more generally, in the response of cells to environmental stimuli. The JNK signal transduction pathway is activated in response to environmental stress and by the engagement of several classes of cell surface receptors. These receptors can include cytokine receptors, serpentine receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases. In mammalian cells, JNK has been implicated in biological processes such as oncogenic transformation and mediating adaptive responses to environmental stress. JNK has also been associated with modulating immune responses, including maturation and differentiation of immune cells, as well as effecting programmed cell death in cells identified for destruction by the immune system. This unique property makes JNK signaling a promising target for developing pharmacological intervention. Among several neurological disorders, JNK signaling is particularly implicated in ischemic stroke and Parkinson's disease, but also in other diseases as mentioned further below. Furthermore, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38alpha was shown to negatively regulate the cell proliferation by antagonizing the JNK-c-Jun-pathway. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38alpha therefore appears to be active in suppression of normal and cancer cell proliferation and, as a further, demonstrates the involvement of JNK in cancer diseases (see e.g. Hui et al., Nature Genetics, Vol 39, No. 6, June 2007). It was also shown, that c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) is involved in neuropathic pain produced by spinal nerve ligation (SNL), wherein SNL induced a slow and persistent activation of JNK, in particular JNK1, whereas p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation was found in spinal microglia after SNL, which had fallen to near basal level by 21 days (Zhuang et al., The Journal of Neuroscience, Mar. 29, 2006, 26(13):3551-3560)). In 2007 (Biochemica et Biophysica Acta, pp. 1341-1348), Johnson et al. discussed in a review the c-Jun kinase/stress-activated pathway, the involvement of JNK signalling in diseases such as the involvement in excitotoxicity of hippocampal neurons, liver ischemia, reperfusion, neurodegenerative diseases, hearing loss, deafness, neural tube birth defects, cancer, chronic inflammatory diseases, obesity, diabetes, in particular insulin-resistant diabetes, and proposed that it is likely that selective JNK inhibitors are needed for treatment of various diseases with a high degree of specificity and lack of toxicity.

Inhibition or interruption of the JNK signalling pathway is thus a promising approach in combating disorders strongly related to JNK signalling. However, there are only a few inhibitors of the JNK signaling pathway known so far.

Inhibitors of the JNK signaling pathway as already known in the prior art include e.g. upstream kinase inhibitors (for example, CEP-1347), small chemical inhibitors of JNK (SP600125 and AS601245), which directly affect kinase activity e.g. by competing with the ATP-binding site of the protein kinase, and peptide inhibitors of the interaction between JNK and its substrates (see e.g. Kuan et al., Current Drug Targets—CNS & Neurological Disorders, February 2005, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 63-67; WO 2007/031280; all incorporated herewith by reference). WO 2007/031280 discloses small cell permeable fusion peptides, comprising a so-called TAT transporter sequence derived from the basic trafficking sequence of the HIV-TAT protein and an amino acid inhibitory sequence of IB1.

WO 2007/031280 discloses in particular two specific sequences, L-TAT-IB1 (GRKKRRQRRRPPRPKRPTTLNLFPQVPRSQD, herein SEQ ID NO: 196) and D-TAT-IB1 (dqsrpvqpflnlttprkprpprrrqrrkkrg; herein SEQ ID NO: 197), the latter being the retro-inverso sequence of L-TAT-IB1. Due to the HIV TAT derived transporter sequence, these fusion peptides are more efficiently transported into the target cells, where they remain effective until proteolytic degradation.

Since ATP independent peptide inhibitors of JNK are usually more specific inhibitors, they are frequently the first choice if it comes to inhibiting JNK. However, even the peptide inhibitors disclosed in WO 2007/031280 are not optimal for all purposes. For example, compound L-TAT-IB1 (herein SEQ ID NO: 196) which consists of L amino acids only, is quickly proteolytically degraded. In order to overcome this problem the inventors of WO 2007/031280 also suggested D-TAT-IB1 (herein SEQ ID NO: 197), which comprises D amino acids. To be more precise, D-TAT-IB1 exhibits the retro-inverso sequence of L-TAT-IB1. Incorporation of D-amino acids is made difficult by the fact that the change in stereochemistry may lead to a loss of function. The retro-inverso approach may be employed to reduce said risk because the use of i) only D-amino acids ii) but in the inverse peptide sequence may more likely yield an acceptable conformational analogue to the original peptide than incorporating one or more D-amino acids into the original sequence. In the case of WO 2007/031280 this approach resulted nevertheless in a significant decrease in inhibitory capacity in comparison to L-TAT-IB1 (see FIG. 4). Additionally, the retro-inverso peptide is extremely stable towards proteolytic digestion with the consequence that controlled digestions, for example in time sensitive experiments, are hardly possible.

JNK inhibitors have been discussed, proposed and successfully tested in the art as treatment for a variety of disease states. Already in 1997, Dickens et al. described the c-Jun amino terminal kinase inhibitor JIP-1 and proposed JIP-1 as candidate compounds for therapeutic strategies for the treatment of for example chronic myeloid leukaemia, in particular, in the context of Bcr-Abl caused transformation of pre-B-cells (Science; 1997; 277(5326):693-696).

In 2001, Bonny and co-workers published that cell-permeable peptide inhibitors of JNK confirm long term protection to pancreatic β-cells from IL-1β-induced apoptosis and may, thus, preserve β-cells in the autoimmune destruction in the course of diabetes (Diabetes, 50, 2001, p. 77-82).

Bonny et al. (Reviews in Neurosciences, 2005, p. 57-67) discussed also the inhibitory action of the JNK inhibitor D-JNKI-1 and other JNK inhibitors in the context of excitotoxicity, neuronal cell death, hypoxia, ischemia, traumatic brain damage, epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, apoptosis of neurons and inner ear sensory auditory cells etc.

In WO 98/49188 JIP-1 derived inhibitors of JNK signalling are proposed for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease; stroke and associated memory loss, autoimmune diseases such as arthritis; other conditions characterized by inflammation; malignancies, such as leukemias, e.g. chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML); oxidative damage to organs such as the liver and kidney; heart diseases; and transplant rejections.

Borsello et al. (Nat Med, 2003, (9), p. 1180-1186) published that a peptide inhibitor of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase protects against excitotoxicity and cerebral ischemia.

Assi et al. have published that another specific JNK-inhibitor, SP600125, targets tumor necrosis factor-α production and epithelial cell apoptosis in acute murine colitis. The authors concluded that inhibition of JNK is of value in human inflammatory bowel disease treatment (Immunology; 2006, 118(1):112-121).

In Kennedy et al. (Cell Cycle, 2003, 2(3), p. 199-201), the role of JNK signalling in tumor development is discussed in more detail.

Lee Yong Hee et al. (J Biol Chem 2003, 278(5), P. 2896-2902) showed that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) mediates feedback inhibition of the insulin signalling cascade and have proposed that inhibition of JNK signalling is a good therapeutic approach to reduce insulin resistance in diabetic patients.

Milano et al. (Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 192(4): H1828-H1835) discovered that a peptide inhibitor of c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase reduces myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and infarct size in vivo. The authors of said study used a peptide inhibitor, D-JNKI-I, a two domain peptide containing a 20 amino acid sequence of the minimal JNK-binding domain of islet-brain-1/JNK-interacting protein-1, linked to a 10 amino acid TAT sequence of the human immuno deficiency virus TAT protein that mediates intracellular translocation. The authors have concluded that a reduction in JNK activity and phosphorylation due to the presence of said inhibitor is important in the preservation of cardiac function in rats in the phase of ischemia and apoptosis.

A further group has published that small peptide inhibitors of JNKs protect against MPTP-induced nigral dopaminergic injury via inhibiting the JNK-signalling pathway (Pan et al., Laboratory investigation, 2010, 90, 156-167). The authors concluded that a peptide comprising residues 153-163 of murine JIP-1 fused to TAT peptide offers neuroprotection against MPTP injury via inhibiting the JNK-signalling pathway and provides a therapeutic approach for Parkinson's disease.

For hearing damage, Pirvola et al. (The Journal of Neuroscience, 2000, 20(1); 43-50) described the rescue of hearing, auditory hair cells and neurons by CEP-1347/KT7515, an inhibitor of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase activation. The authors suggested in general that therapeutic intervention in the JNK signalling cascade may offer opportunities to treat inner ear injuries. Treatment of hearing loss by means of administering JNK-inhibitory peptides is also disclosed for example in WO os/103698.

For retinal diseases and age-related macula degeneration in particular, Roduit et al. (Apoptosis, 2008, 13(3), p. 343-353) have likewise suggested to use JNK-inhibition as therapeutic approach. Similar considerations relying on JNK-inhibition are disclosed for example in WO 2010/113753 for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, diabetic retinopathy, central exudative chorioretinopathy, angioid streaks, retinal pigment epithelium detachment, multifocal choroiditis, neovascular maculopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, retinitis pigmentosa, Leber's disease, retinal artery occlusion, retinal vein occlusion, central serous chorioretinopathy, retinal macroaneurysm, retinal detachment, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, Stargardt's disease, choroidal sclerosis, chorioderemia, vitelliform macular dystrophy, Oguchi's disease, fundus albipunctatus, retinitis punctata albescens, and gyrate atrophy of choroid and retina.

Zoukhri et al. (Journal of Neurochemistry, 2006, 96, 126-135) identified that c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinease mediates interleukin-1β-induced inhibition of lacrimal gland secretion. They concluded that JNK plays a pivotal role in IL-1β-mediated inhibition of lacrimal gland secretion and subsequent dry eye.

For uveitis, Touchard et al. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2010, 51(9); 4683-4693) have suggested to use D-JNKI 1 as effective treatment.

For IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) Roy et al. (World J Gastroenterol 2008, 14(2), 200-202) have highlighted the role of the JNK signal transduction pathway therein and have proposed to use peptidic JNK inhibitors for the treatment of said disease state.

Beckham et al (J Virol. 2007 July; 81(13):6984-6992) showed that the JNK inhibitor D-JNKI-I is effective in protecting mice from viral encephalitis, and suggest thus JNK inhibition as promising and novel treatment strategy for viral encephalitis.

Palin et al. (Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008 May; 197(4):629-635) used the same JNK inhibitor, D-JNKI-I, and found that pre-treatment with D-JNKI-I (10 ng/mouse), but not D-TAT, significantly inhibited all three indices of sickness induced by central TNFalpha and suggested that JNK inhibition as means for treating major depressive disorders that develop on a background of cytokine-induced sickness behaviour.

In WO 2010/151638 treatment of the neurodegenerative disease spinal muscular atrophy by way of JNK inhibition was proposed.

The above passage highlights already on basis of only some selected publications the usefulness of JNK inhibitors in the treatment of various diseases. Thus, there is a constant need in the art for JNK inhibitors for use in the treatment of human (and animal) diseases.

Thus, the problem to be solved by the present invention was to provide further (peptide) inhibitors of JNK.

The object of the present invention is solved by the inventor by means of the subject-matter set out below and in the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

In the following a brief description of the appended figures will be given. The figures are intended to illustrate the present invention in more detail. However, they are not intended to limit the subject matter of the invention in any way.

FIG. 1A-1C: Illustration of the inhibitory efficacy of several JNK inhibitors according to the present invention, which was investigated by in vitro AlphaScreen assay (Amplified Luminescence Proximity Homogeneous-Screen Assay).

-   -   FIG. 1A: Inhibition of JNK1 by SEQ ID NOs: 193, 2, 3, 5, 6, and         7.     -   FIG. 1B: Inhibition of JNK2 by SEQ ID NOs: 193, 2, 3, 5, 6, and         7.     -   FIG. 1C: Inhibition of JNK3 by SEQ ID NOs: 193, 2, 3, 5, 6, and         7.

FIG. 2: Table illustrating the inhibitory efficacy of several JNK inhibitors (SEQ ID NOs: 193, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7) according to the present invention. Given are the IC50 values in the nM range, the respective standard error of the mean and the number of experiments performed (n).

FIG. 3A-3F: Illustration of the inhibitory efficacy of several JNK inhibitors according to the present invention, which are fusion proteins of a JNK inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence and a transporter sequence. The inhibitory efficacy was determined by means of in vitro AlphaScreen assay (Amplified Luminescence Proximity Homogeneous-Screen Assay).

-   -   FIG. 3A: Inhibition of JNK1 by SEQ ID NOs: 194, 195, 172, 200,         46, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181 and 197.     -   FIG. 3B: Inhibition of JNK2 by SEQ ID NOs: 194, 195, 172, 200,         46, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181 and 197.     -   FIG. 3C: Inhibition of JNK3 by SEQ ID NOs: 194, 195, 172, 200,         46, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181 and 197.     -   FIG. 3D: Inhibition of JNK1 by SEQ ID NOs: 194, 195, 172, 200,         46, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190 and 197.     -   FIG. 3E: Inhibition of JNK2 by SEQ ID NOs: 194, 195, 172, 200,         46, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190 and 197.     -   FIG. 3F: Inhibition of JNK3 by SEQ ID NOs: 194, 195, 172, 200,         46, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190 and 197.

FIG. 4: Table illustrating the inhibitory efficacy of several JNK inhibitors according to the present invention, which are fusion proteins of a JNK inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence and a transporter sequence. Given are the IC50 values in the nM range, the respective standard error of the mean (SEM) and the number of experiments performed (n).

FIG. 5A-5B: Stability of JNK inhibitors with SEQ ID NOs: 172, 196 and 197 in 50% human serum. The JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 196 was totally degraded into amino acids residues within 6 hours (FIG. 5A). The JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 172 was completely degraded only after 14 days (FIG. 5B). The JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 197 was stable at least up to 30 days (B).

FIG. 6A-6B: shows internalizations experiments using TAT derived transporter constructs with D-amino acid/L-amino acid pattern as denoted in SEQ ID NO: 30. The transporter sequences analyzed correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 52-94 plus SEQ ID NOs: 45, 47, 46, 43 and 99 (FIG. 6A) and SEQ ID NOs: 100-147 (FIG. 6B). As can be seen, all transporters with the consensus sequence rXXXrXXXr (SEQ ID NO: 31) showed a higher internalization capability than the L-TAT transporter (SEQ ID NO: 43). Hela cells were incubated 24 hours in 96 well plate with 10 mM of the respective transporters. The cells were then washed twice with an acidic buffer (0.2M Glycin, 0.15M NaCl, pH 3.0) and twice with PBS. Cells were broken by the addition of RIPA lysis buffer. The relative amount of internalized peptide was then determined by reading the fluorescence intensity (Fusion Alpha plate reader, PerkinElmer) of each extract followed by background subtraction.

FIG. 7A-7D The JNK inhibitor with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 172 blocks LPS-induced cytokine and chemokine release in THP1-PMA-differentiated macrophages. FIG. 7A: TNF release (THP1pma 6 h 3 ng/ml LPS); FIG. 7B: TNFa release (THP1pma 6 h long/ml LPS); FIG. 7C: IL 6 release (THP1pma 6 h long/ml LPS); FIG. 7D: MCP1 release (THP1pma 6 h 3 ng/ml LPS).

FIG. 8 The JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 172 blocks LPS-induced IL6 release in THP1 differentiated macrophages with higher potency than D-TAT-IB1 (SEQ ID NO: 197), dTAT (SEQ ID NO: 45) and SP 600125. LPS was added for 6 h (10 ng/ml).

FIG. 9 The JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 172 blocks LPS-induced TNFa release in THP1 differentiated macrophages with higher potency than D-TAT-IB1 (SEQ ID NO: 197), dTAT (SEQ ID NO: 45) and SP 600125. LPS was added for 6 h (10 ng/ml).

FIG. 10 The JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 172 blocks LPS-induced IL-6 release in PMA differentiated macrophages with higher potency than D-TAT-IB1 (SEQ ID NO: 197) and L-TAT-IB1 (SEQ ID NO: 196). LPS was added for 6 h.

FIG. 11 The JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 172 blocks LPS-induced TNFα release in PMA differentiated macrophages with higher potency than D-TAT-IB1 (SEQ ID NO: 197) and L-TAT-IB1 (SEQ ID NO: 196).

FIG. 12 The JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 172 blocks LPS-induced TNFα release in Primary Rat Whole Blood Cells at 3 ng/ml. Given are the results for the control, 1 μM of SEQ ID NO: 172, 3 μM of SEQ ID NO: 172, and 10 μM of SEQ ID NO: 172 at different levels of LPS (ng/ml).

FIG. 13 The JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 172 blocks IL2 secretion by primary human T-cells in response to PMA/Ionomycin.

FIG. 14 The JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 172 blocks IL2 secretion by primary human T-cells in response to CD3/CD28 stimulation. The JNK inhibitors used are indicated by their SEQ ID NO: 172 and 197.

FIG. 15 Dose-dependent inhibition by JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 172 of CD3/CD28-induced IL-G release in primary rat lymph-nodes purified T cells. Control rat were sacrificed and lymph-nodes were harvested. T cells further were purified (using magnetic negative selection) and plated into 96-well plates at 200.000 cells/well. Cells were treated with anti-rat CD3 and anti-rat CD28 antibodies (2 μg/mL). JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 172 was added to the cultures 1 h before CD3/CD28 treatment and IL-2 release was assessed in supernatant 24 h after treatment.

FIG. 16 Dose-dependent inhibition of CD3/CD28-induced IL-2 release in primary rat lymph-nodes purified T cells: Comparison of several JNK inhibitors, namely SEQ ID NOs: 172, 197 and SP600125.

FIG. 17 Dose dependent inhibition of IL-2 release in rat whole blood stimulated with PMA+ionomycin. JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 172 was added at three different concentrations, namely 1, 3 and 10 μM 1 h before stimulation with PMA+ionomycin. Three doses of activators were added (25/500 ng/mL, 50/750 ng/mL and 50/1000 ng/mL) for 4 h. IL-2 release was assessed in supernatant. JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 172 at 10 μM did efficiently reduce PMA-iono-induced IL-2 release at the three tested activator concentrations.

FIG. 18 JNK inhibition and IL-6 release in human whole blood. The JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 172 was added at three different concentrations, namely 1, 3 and 10 μM 1 h before whole blood stimulation with LPS (0.02 ng/mL) for 4 hours. The JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 172 did reduce the LPS-induced IL-6 release in a dose-dependent manner.

FIG. 19 JNK inhibition and IL-2 release in human whole blood. The JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 172 was added at three different concentrations, namely 1, 3 and 10 μM 1 h before whole blood stimulation with PMA+ionomycin (25/700 ng/mL, 50/800 ng/ml and 50/1000 ng/mL) for 4 hours. The JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 172 did reduce the PMA+ionomycin-induced IL-2 release in a dose-dependent manner.

FIG. 20 JNK inhibition and IFN-γ release in human whole blood. The JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 172 was added at three different concentrations, namely 1, 3 and 10 μM 1 h before whole blood stimulation with PMA+ionomycin (25/700 ng/mL, 50/800 ng/ml and 50/1000 ng/mL) for 4 hours. The JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 172 did reduce the PMA+ionomycin-induced IFN-γ release in a dose-dependent manner.

FIG. 21 JNK inhibition and TNF-α release in human whole blood. The JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 172 was added at three different concentrations, namely 1, 3 and 10 μM 1 h before whole blood stimulation with PMA+ionomycin (25/700 ng/mL, 50/800 ng/ml and 50/1000 ng/mL) for 4 hours. The JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 172 did reduce the PMA+ionomycin-induced TNF-α release in a dose-dependent manner.

FIG. 22 JNK inhibition and TNF-α release in human whole blood. The JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 172 was added at three different concentrations, namely 1, 3 and 10 μM 1 h before whole blood stimulation with PHA-L (5 μg/mL) for 3 days. The JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 172 did reduce the PHA-L-induced TNF-α release in a dose-dependent manner.

FIG. 23 JNK inhibition and IL-2 release in human whole blood. The JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 172 was added at three different concentrations, namely 1, 3 and 10 μM 1 h before whole blood stimulation with PHA-L (5 μg/mL) for 3 days. The JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 172 did reduce the PHA-L-induced IL-2 release in a dose-dependent manner.

FIG. 24 JNK inhibition and TNF-α release in human whole blood. The JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 172 was added at three different concentrations, namely 1, 3 and 10 μM 1 h before whole blood stimulation with CD3+/−CD28 antibodies (2 μg/mL) for 3 days. The JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 172 did reduce the CD3/CD28-induced TNF-α release in a dose-dependent manner.

FIG. 25 Photographic illustration of in vivo anti-inflammatory properties of the JNK inhibitors with SEQ ID NO: 197 (10 μg/kg) and SEQ ID NO: 172 (10 μg/kg) after CFA (complete Freund's adjuvant) induced paw swelling. Paw swelling was induced in the left hind paw, the right hind paw was not treated.

FIG. 26 Graphical representation of in vivo anti-inflammatory properties of the JNK inhibitors with SEQ ID NO: 197 (10 μg/kg, n=4) and SEQ ID NO: 172 (10 μg/kg, n=s) after CFA (complete Freund's adjuvant) induced paw swelling. Indicated is the measured circumference of the left hind paw after treatment.

FIG. 27 Graphical representation of in vivo anti-inflammatory properties of the JNK inhibitors with SEQ ID NO: 197 (10 μg/kg) and SEQ ID NO: 172 (10 μg/kg) after CFA (complete Freund's adjuvant) induced paw swelling. Indicated is the measured in vivo cytokine release one hour after CFA induced paw swelling.

FIG. 28 Clinical evaluation of administration of different amounts of the JNK inhibitor according to SEQ ID NO: 172 in albino rats after intravenous administration (endotoxins induced uveitis model). Form left to right: Vehicle, 0.015 mg/kg (i.v.) of SEQ ID NO: 172; 0.18 mg/kg (i.v.) of SEQ ID NO: 172; 1.8 mg/kg (i.v.) of SEQ ID NO: 172, 2 mg/kg (i.v.) of SEQ ID NO: 197 and 20 μg dexamethasone (administered directly by subconjunctival injection to the eye). Indicated is the clinical score (mean and the SEM).

FIG. 29 Responsive effects of the JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 172 after daily intravenous administration in 14 day rat chronic established Type II collagen arthritis (RTTC/SOL-1). Shown is the body weight change from day 0 to day 14. From left to right: Normal contrail+Vehicle (NaCl), Disease Control+Vehicle (NaCl), 5 mg/kg (i.v.) of SEQ ID NO: 172; 1 mg/kg (i.v.) of SEQ ID NO: 172; 0.1 mg/kg (i.v.) of SEQ ID NO: 172, 0.01 mg/kg (i.v.) of SEQ ID NO: 172, 0.05 mg/kg (i.v.) of dexamethasone. Indicated is the clinical score (mean and the SEM). n=4/normal group, n=8/treatment group; *p≤0.05 1-way ANOVA to disease control+Vehicle (NaCl)

FIG. 30 Responsive effects of the JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 172 after daily intravenous administration in 14 day rat chronic established Type II collagen arthritis (RTTC/SOL-I). Shown is the ankle diameter (in) over time. n=4/normal group, n=8/treatment group; *p≤0.05 2-way RM ANOVA to disease control+Vehicle (NaCl).

FIG. 31 Responsive effects of the JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 172 after daily intravenous administration in 14 day rat chronic established Type II collagen arthritis (RTTC/SOL-1). Illustrated are the ankle histopathology scores regarding inflammation, pannus, cartilage damage and bone resorption. n=8 in the treatment group. *p≤0.05 Mann-Whitney U test to disease control+Vehicle (NaCl).

FIG. 32 Responsive effects of the JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 172 after daily intravenous administration in 14 day rat chronic established Type II collagen arthritis (RTTC/SOL-1). Illustrated are the knee histopathology scores regarding inflammation, pannus, cartilage damage and bone resorption. n=8 in the treatment group. *p≤0.05 Mann-Whitney U test to disease control+Vehicle (NaCl).

FIG. 3s Clinical scoring by slit lamp 24 hours after EIU induction and administration of JNK inhibitor according to SEQ ID NO: 172 (1 mg/kg i.v.) at different times prior to EIU induction. From left to right: Vehicle (0 hours); SEQ ID NO: 172 4 weeks prior to EIU induction; SEQ ID NO: 172 2 weeks prior to EIU induction; SEQ ID NO: 172 1 week prior to EIU induction; SEQ ID NO: 172 48 hours prior to EIU induction; SEQ ID NO: 172 24 hours prior to EIU induction; SEQ ID NO: 172 0 hours prior to EIU induction; Dexamethasone (2 mg/kg i.v.) 0 hours prior to EIU induction. Mean±SEM. *p<0.05 versus vehicle, **p<0.01 versus vehicle.

FIG. 34 Number of PMN cells per section quantified 24 hours after EIU induction and administration of JNK inhibitor according to SEQ ID NO: 172 (1 mg/kg i.v.) at different times prior to EIU induction. From left to right: Vehicle (0 hours); SEQ ID NO: 172 4 weeks prior to EIU induction; SEQ ID NO: 172 2 weeks prior to EIU induction; SEQ ID NO: 172 1 week prior to EIU induction; SEQ ID NO: 172 48 hours prior to EIU induction; SEQ ID NO: 172 24 hours prior to EIU induction; SEQ ID NO: 172 0 hours prior to EIU induction; Dexamethasone (2 mg/kg i.v.) 0 hours prior to EIU induction. Mean±SEM. *p<0.05 versus vehicle, **p<0.01 versus vehicle.

FIG. 35 shows the mean calculated TBUT AUC values for animals with scopolamine induced dry eye syndrome. Shown are the results for animals treated with vehicle, 3 different concentrations of an all-D-retro-inverso JNK-inhibitor (poly-)peptide with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 197, . different concentrations of a JNK-inhibitor (poly-)peptide with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 172, and the results for animals treated with cyclosporine.

FIG. 36 shows the mean calculated PRTT AUCs for animals with scopolamine induced Dry Eye (Day 7-21). Shown are the results for animals treated with vehicle, 3 different concentrations of an all-D-retro-inverso JNK-inhibitor (poly-)peptide with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 197, 3 different concentrations of a JNK-inhibitor (poly-)peptide with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 172, and the results for animals treated with cyclosporine.

FIG. 37 shows the mean histological Cornea Lesion Scores for animals with scopolamine induced dry eye syndrome. Shown are the results for animals treated with vehicle, 3 different concentrations of an all-D-retro-inverso JNK-inhibitor (poly-)peptide with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 197, 3 different concentrations of a JNK-inhibitor (poly-)peptide with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 172, and the results for animals treated with cyclosporine.

JNK INHIBITORS

In a first aspect the present invention relates to a JNK inhibitor, which comprises an inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence according to the following general formula:

(SEQ ID NO: 1) X₁—X₂—X₃—R—X₄—X₅—X₆—L—X₇—L—X₈,

-   -   wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from amino acids R, P, Q         and r,     -   wherein X2 is an amino acid selected from amino acids R, P, G         and r,     -   wherein X3 is an amino acid selected from amino acids K, R, k         and r,     -   wherein X4 is an amino acid selected from amino acids P and K,     -   wherein X5 is an amino acid selected from amino acids T, a, s,         q, k or is absent,     -   wherein X6 is an amino acid selected from amino acids T, D and         A,     -   wherein X7 is an amino acid selected from amino acids N, n, r         and K; and     -   wherein X8 is an amino acid selected from F, f and w,         with the proviso that at least one, at least two, at least         three, at least four, at least five or six of the amino acids         selected from the group consisting of X1, X2, X3, X5, X7 and X8         is/are a D-amino acid(s), preferably with the proviso that at         least one, at least two, at least three or four of the amino         acids selected from the group consisting of X3, X5, X7 and X8         is/are a D-amino acid(s),         for use in a method for treatment of the human or animal body by         therapy.

The inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence of the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention comprises L-amino acids and in most embodiments D-amino acids. Unless specified otherwise, L-amino acid residues are indicated herein in capital letters, while D amino acid residues are indicated in small letters. Glycine may be indicated in capital or small letters (since there is no D- or L-glycine). The amino acid sequences disclosed herein are always given from N- to C-terminus (left to right) unless specified otherwise. The given amino acid sequence may be modified or unmodified at the C- and/or N-terminus, e.g. acetylation at the C-terminus and/or amidation or modification with cysteamide at the N-terminus. For sake of clarity such possible but entirely optional modifications at the C- and/or N-terminus of the amino acid sequences disclosed herein are for sake of clarity not specifically indicated.

The JNK inhibitors of the present invention are (poly-)peptide inhibitors of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Said inhibitors inhibit the kinase activity of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), i.e. prevent or reduce the extent of phosphorylation of JNK substrates such as c-Jun, ATF2 and/or Elk-1. A person skilled in the art will understand that the term “inhibitor”, as used herein, does not comprise compounds which irreversibly destroy the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) molecule and/or kinase activity. Furthermore, the term “inhibiting JNK activity” as used herein, refers to the inhibition of the kinase activity of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK).

Furthermore, as used herein, a JNK inhibitor comprises at least one functional unit of a polymer of amino acids, i.e. a (poly-)peptide sequence. Moreover, this at least one functional polymer of amino acids provides for inhibition of JNK activity. The amino acid monomers of said inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence are usually linked to each other via peptide bonds, but (chemical) modifications of said peptide bond(s) or of side chain residues may be tolerable, provided the inhibitory activity (inhibition of JNK activity) is not totally lost, i.e. the resulting chemical entity still qualifies as JNK inhibitor as functionally defined herein. The term “(poly-)peptide” shall not be construed as limiting the length of the (poly-)peptide unit. Preferably, the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence of the JNK inhibitors of the present invention is less than 500, 490, 480, 470, 460, 450, 440, 430, 420, 410, 400, 390, 380, 370, 360, 350, 340, 330, 320, 310, 300, 290, 280, 270, 260, 250, 240, 230, 220, 210, 200, 190, 180, 170, 160, 150, 140, 130, 120, 110, 100, 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, 55, 50, 49, 48, 47, 46, 45, 44, 43, 42, 41, 40, 39, 38, 37, 36, 35, 34, 33, 32, 31, 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, or less than 12 amino acids long. Preferably, the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence does not have less than 10 amino acid residues, more preferably not less than 11 amino acid residues.

Furthermore, a “JNK inhibitor” of the present invention inhibits JNK activity, e.g. exhibits with regard to the inhibition of human JNK mediated phosphorylation of a c-Jun substrate (SEQ ID NO: 198) an IC 50 value of:

-   -   a) less than 3000 nM, more preferably less than 2000 nM, even         more preferably less than 1000 nM, even more preferably less         than 500 nM, even more preferably less than 250 nM, even more         preferably less than 200 nM, even more preferably less than 150         nM, most preferably less than 100 nM with regard to inhibition         of human JNK1,     -   b) less than 3000 nM, more preferably less than 2000 nM, even         more preferably less than 1000 nM, even more preferably less         than 500 nM, even more preferably less than 250 nM, even more         preferably less than 200 nM, even more preferably less than 150         nM, most preferably less than 100 nM with regard to inhibition         of human JNK2, and/or     -   c) less than 3000 nM, more preferably less than 2000 nM, even         more preferably less than 1000 nM, even more preferably less         than 500 nM, even more preferably less than 250 nM, even more         preferably less than 200 nM, even more preferably less than 150         nM, most preferably less than 100 nM with regard to inhibition         of human JNK3.

For some applications it is preferred that the inhibitor inhibits human JNK2 and/or human JNK3 according to the above definition, but not JNK1 according to the above definition.

Whether JNK activity is inhibited or not, may easily be assessed by a person skilled in the art. There are several methods know in the art. One example is a radioactive kinase assay or a non-radioactive kinase assay (e.g. Alpha screen test; see for example Guenat et al. J Biomol Screen, 2006; 11: pages 1015-1026).

A JNK inhibitor according to the present invention may thus for example comprise an inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs: 2 to 27 (see table 1).

TABLE 1 Examples for inhibitory (poly-)peptide  sequences of JNK-inhibitors according to the present invention Amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: rPKRPTTLNLF 2 RPkRPTTLNLF 3 RPKRPaTLNLF 4 RPKRPTTLnLF 5 RPKRPTTLrLF 6 RPKRPTTLNLf 7 RPkRPaTLNLf 8 RPkRPTTLNLf 9 RPkRPTTLrLf 10 RRrRPTTLNLf 11 QRrRPTTLNLf 12 RPkRPTTLNLw 13 RPkRPTDLNLf 14 RRrRPTTLrLw 15 QRrRPTTLrLw 16 RRrRPTDLrLw 17 QRrRPTDLrLw 18 RRrRPaTLNLf 19 QRrRPaTLNLf 20 RrKRPaTLNLf 21 RPkRPsTLNLf 22 RPkRPqTLNLf 23 RPkRPkTLNLf 24 rGKRKALKLf 25 rGKRKALrLf 26 RRrRKALrLf 27

The JNK inhibitor according to the present invention may also be a JNK inhibitor (variant) which comprises an inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence sharing at least 50%, more preferably at least 55%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 65%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, most preferably at least 90% sequence identity with a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1-27, in particular with SEQ ID NO: 8,

with the proviso that with regard to the respective sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1-27, such inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence sharing sequence identity

-   -   a) maintains the L-arginine (R) residue on position 4,     -   b) maintains the two L-leucine (L) residues at position 8 and 10         (positions 7 and 9 with regard to SEQ ID NOs: 25-27),     -   c) exhibits one, two, three, four, five or six D-amino acid(s)         at the respective positions corresponding to the amino acids         selected from the group consisting of X1, X2, X3, X5, X7 and X8         of SEQ ID NO: 1 and respective positions in SEQ ID NOs: 2-27,         more preferably exhibits one, two, three or four D-amino acid(s)         at the positions corresponding to the amino acids selected from         the group consisting of X3, X5, X7 and X8 of SEQ ID NO: 1 and         respective positions in SEQ ID NOs: 2-27, and     -   d) still inhibits JNK activity (i.e. is a JNK inhibitor as         defined herein).

Certainly, variants disclosed herein (in particular JNK inhibitor variants comprising an inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence sharing—within the above definition—a certain degree of sequence identity with a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1-27), share preferably less than 100% sequence identity with the respective reference sequence.

In view of said definition and for sake of clarity the residues which may not be changed in variants of JNK inhibitors comprising SEQ ID NOs: 1-27 (see a) and b) in the above definition) are underlined in table 1.

The non-identical amino acids are preferably the result of conservative amino acid substitutions.

Conservative amino acid substitutions, as used herein, may include amino acid residues within a group which have sufficiently similar physicochemical properties, so that a substitution between members of the group will preserve the biological activity of the molecule (see e.g. Grantham, R. (1974), Science 185, 862-864). Particularly, conservative amino acid substitutions are preferably substitutions in which the amino acids originate from the same class of amino acids (e.g. basic amino acids, acidic amino acids, polar amino acids, amino acids with aliphatic side chains, amino acids with positively or negatively charged side chains, amino acids with aromatic groups in the side chains, amino acids the side chains of which can enter into hydrogen bridges, e.g. side chains which have a hydroxyl function, etc.). Conservative substitutions are in the present case for example substituting a basic amino acid residue (Lys, Arg, His) for another basic amino acid residue (Lys, Arg, His), substituting an aliphatic amino acid residue (Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile) for another aliphatic amino acid residue, substituting an aromatic amino acid residue (Phe, Tyr, Trp) for another aromatic amino acid residue, substituting threonine by serine or leucine by isoleucine. Further conservative amino acid exchanges will be known to the person skilled in the art. The isomer form should preferably be maintained, e.g. K is preferably substituted for R or H, while k is preferably substituted for r and h.

Further possible substitutions within the above definition for JNK inhibitor variants are for example if:

-   -   a) one, two or more of X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7 and/or X8 of         SEQ ID NO: 1 or the corresponding positions within the         respective sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 2-27 are         substituted for A or a,     -   b) X1 or X8 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or the corresponding position within         the respective sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 2-27 is         deleted;     -   c) X5 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or the corresponding position within the         respective sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 2-27 is E, Y, L,         V, F or K;     -   d) X5 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or the corresponding position within the         respective sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 2-27 is E, L, V, F         or K; or     -   e) one, two or three of X1, X2, X3 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or the         corresponding positions within the respective sequence selected         from SEQ ID NOs: 2-27 are neutral amino acids.

As used herein, the term “% sequence identity”, has to be understood as follows: Two sequences to be compared are aligned to give a maximum correlation between the sequences. This may include inserting “gaps” in either one or both sequences, to enhance the degree of alignment. A % identity may then be determined over the whole length of each of the sequences being compared (so-called global alignment), that is particularly suitable for sequences of the same or similar length, or over shorter, defined lengths (so-called local alignment), that is more suitable for sequences of unequal length. In the above context, an amino acid sequence having a “sequence identity” of at least, for example, 95% to a query amino acid sequence, is intended to mean that the sequence of the subject amino acid sequence is identical to the query sequence except that the subject amino acid sequence may include up to five amino acid alterations per each 100 amino acids of the query amino acid sequence. In other words, to obtain an amino acid sequence having a sequence of at least 95% identity to a query amino acid sequence, up to 5% (5 of 100) of the amino acid residues in the subject sequence may be inserted or substituted with another amino acid or deleted. For purposes of determining sequence identity, the substitution of an L-amino acid for a D-amino acid (and vice versa) is considered to yield a non-identical residue, even if it is merely the D- (or L-isomer) of the very same amino acid.

Methods for comparing the identity and homology of two or more sequences are well known in the art. The percentage to which two sequences are identical can for example be determined by using a mathematical algorithm. A preferred, but not limiting, example of a mathematical algorithm which can be used is the algorithm of Karlin et al. (1993), PNAS USA, 90:5873-5877. Such an algorithm is integrated in the BLAST family of programs, e.g. BLAST or NBLAST program (see also Altschul et al., 1990, J. Mol. Biol. 215, 403-410 or Altschul et al. (1997), Nucleic Acids Res, 25:3389-3402), accessible through the home page of the NCBI at world wide web site ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and FASTA (Pearson (1990), Methods Enzymol. 183, 63-98; Pearson and Lipman (1988), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 845 2444-2448.). Sequences which are identical to other sequences to a certain extent can be identified by these programmes. Furthermore, programs available in the Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package, version 9.1 (Devereux et al., 1984, Nucleic Acids Res., 387-395), for example the programs BESTFIT and GAP, may be used to determine the % identity between two polypeptide sequences. BESTFIT uses the “local homology” algorithm of (Smith and Waterman (1981), J. Mol. Biol. 147, 195-197.) and finds the best single region of similarity between two sequences.

Certainly, the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention may comprise—aside of the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence mentioned above—additional sequences, domains, labels (e.g. fluorescent or radioactive labels), epitopes etc. as long as the ability to inhibit JNK activity as defined herein is not lost. For example, the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention may also comprise a transporter sequence. A “transporter sequence” as used herein, is a (poly-)peptide sequence providing for translocation of the molecule it is attached to across biological membranes. Accordingly, a JNK inhibitor according to the present invention comprising a transporter sequence is preferably capable of translocating across biological membranes. Thus, such JNK inhibitor of the present invention may more readily enter a cell, a cellular subcompartiment and/or into the nucleus of a cell.

Said transporter sequence may be joined for example (e.g. directly) N-terminally or (e.g. directly) C-terminally to the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence of the JNK inhibitor. The transporter sequence and the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence may also be spaced apart, e.g. may be separated by intermediate sequences. It is also contemplated that the transporter sequence may be positioned entirely elsewhere in the JNK inhibitor molecule than the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence, in particular if the JNK inhibitor is a more complex molecule (e.g. comprising several domains, is a multimeric conjugate etc.). It is also contemplated that the transporter sequence and the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence may overlap as long as the JNK inhibitory activity is maintained. Examples for such overlap are given further below.

Transporter sequences for use with the JNK inhibitor of the present invention may be selected from, without being limited thereto, transporter sequences derived from HIV TAT (HIV), e.g. native proteins such as e.g. the TAT protein (e.g. as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,804,604 and 5,674,980, each of these references being incorporated herein by reference), HSV VP22 (Herpes simplex) (described in e.g. WO 97/05265; Elliott and O'Hare, Cell 88: 223-233 (1997)), non-viral proteins (Jackson et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 10691-10695 (1992)), transporter sequences derived from Antennapedia, particularly from Drosophila antennapedia (e.g. the antennapedia carrier sequence thereof), FGF, lactoferrin, etc. or derived from basic peptides, e.g. peptides having a length of 5 to 15 amino acids, preferably 10 to 12 amino acids and comprising at least 80%, more preferably 85% or even 90% basic amino acids, such as e.g. arginine, lysine and/or histidine, or may be selected from e.g. arginine rich peptide sequences, such as RRRRRRRRR (R₉; SEQ ID NO: 152), RRRRRRRR (R; SEQ ID NO: 153), RRRRRRR (R₇; SEQ ID NO: 154), RRRRRR (R₆, SEQ ID NO: 155), RRRRR (R₅, SEQ ID NO: 156) etc., from VP22, from PTD-4 proteins or peptides, from RGD-K₁₆, from PEPT1/2 or PEPT1/2 proteins or peptides, from SynBs or SynBs proteins or peptides, from PC inhibitors, from P21 derived proteins or peptides, or from JNKI proteins or peptides.

Examples of transporter sequences for use in the JNK inhibitor of the present invention are in particular, without being limited thereto, basic transporter sequences derived from the HIV-1 TAT protein. Preferably, the basic transporter sequence of the HIV-1 TAT protein may include sequences from the human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 TAT protein, e.g. as described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,804,604 and 5,674,980, each incorporated herein by reference. In this context, the full-length HIV-1 TAT protein has 86 amino acid residues encoded by two exons of the HIV TAT gene. TAT amino acids 1-72 are encoded by exon 1, whereas amino acids 73-86 are encoded by exon 2. The full-length TAT protein is characterized by a basic region which contains two lysines and six arginines (amino acids 49-57) and a cysteine-rich region which contains seven cysteine residues (amino acids 22-37). The basic region (i.e., amino acids 49-57) was thought to be important for nuclear localization. Ruben, S. et al., J. Virol. 63: 1-8 (1989); Hauber, J. et al., J. Virol. 63 1181-1187 (1989). The cysteine-rich region mediates the formation of metal-linked dimers in vitro (Frankel, A. D. et al, Science 240: 70-75 (1988); Frankel, A. D. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 85: 6297-6300 (1988)) and is essential for its activity as a transactivator (Garcia, J. A. et al., EMBO J. 7: 3143 (1988); Sadaie, M. R. et al., J. Virol. 63:1 (1989)). As in other regulatory proteins, the N-terminal region may be involved in protection against intracellular proteases (Bachmair, A. et al., Cell 56: 1019-1032 (1989)). Preferred TAT transporter sequences for use in the JNK inhibitor of the present invention are preferably characterized by the presence of the TAT basic region amino acid sequence (amino acids 49-57 of naturally-occurring TAT protein); the absence of the TAT cysteine-rich region amino acid sequence (amino acids 22-36 of naturally-occurring TAT protein) and the absence of the TAT exon 2-encoded carboxy-terminal domain (amino acids 73-86 of naturally-occurring TAT protein). More preferably, the transporter sequence in the JNK inhibitor of the present invention may be selected from an amino acid sequence containing TAT residues 48-57 or 49 to 57 or variants thereof.

Preferably, the transporter sequence in a given JNK inhibitor of the present invention also exhibits D-amino acids, for example in order to improve stability towards proteases. Particularly preferred are transporter sequences which exhibit a specific order of alternating D- and L-amino acids. Such order of alternating D- and L-amino acids (the motif) may follow—without being limited thereto—the pattern of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 28-30:

(SEQ ID NO: 28) d₁LLL_(x)d_(m)LLL_(y)d_(n); (SEQ ID NO: 29) dLLLd(LLLd)_(a); and/or (SEQ ID NO: 30) dLLLdLLLd; wherein: d is a D-amino acid;

-   -   L is a L-amino acid;     -   a is 0-3, preferably 0-2, more preferably 0, 1, 2 or 3, even         more preferably 0, 1, or 2 and most preferably 1;     -   l, m and n are independently from each other 1 or 2, preferably         1;     -   x and y are independently from each other 0, 1 or 2, preferably         1.

Said order of D- and L-amino acids (motif) becomes relevant when the transporter sequence is synthesized, i.e. while the amino acid sequence (i.e. the type of side chain residues) remains unaltered, the respective isomers alternate. For example, a known transporter sequence derived from HIV TAT is RKKRRQRRR (SEQ ID NO: 43). Applying the D-/L amino acid order of SEQ ID NO: so thereto would yield rKKRrQRRr (SEQ ID NO: 46).

In a particular embodiment the transporter sequence of the JNK inhibitor of the present invention may comprise at least one sequence according to rXXXrXXXr (SEQ ID NO: 31), wherein:

-   -   r represents an D-enantiomeric arginine;     -   X is any L-amino acid (including glycine);         and wherein each X may be selected individually and         independently of any other X within SEQ ID NO: 31. Preferably at         least 4 out of said 6 X L-amino acids within SEQ ID NO: 31 are K         or R. In another embodiment the JNK inhibitor according to the         present invention comprises the transporter sequence         rX₁X₂X₃rX₄X₅X₆r (SEQ ID NO: 32), wherein X₁ is K, X₂ is K, X₃ is         R and X₄, X₅, and X₆ are any L-amino acid (including glycine)         selected independently from each other. Similarly, the         transporter sequence of the JNK inhibitor according to the         present invention may comprise the sequence rX₁X₂X₃rX₄X₅X₆r (SEQ         ID NO: ss), wherein X₄ is Q, X₅ is R, X₆ is R and X₁, X₂, and X₃         are any L-amino acid (including glycine) selected independently         from each other. The inventive JNK inhibitor may also comprise         the sequence rX₁X₂X₃rX₄X₅X₆r (SEQ ID NO: 34), wherein one, two,         three, four, five or six X amino acid residues are chosen from         the group consisting of: X₁ is K, X, is K, X₃ is R, X is Q, X₅         is R, X₆ is R, while the remaining X amino acid residues not         selected from above group may be any L-amino acid (including         glycine) and are selected independently from each other. X₁ is         then preferably Y and/or X₄ is preferably K or R.

Examples of transporter sequences for use in the inventive JNK inhibitor molecule may be selected, without being limited thereto, from sequences as given in table 2 below, (SEQ ID NOs: 31-170) or from any fragment or variant or chemically modified derivative thereof (preferably it retains the function of translocating across a biological membrane).

TABLE 2 Examples for transporter (poly-)peptide sequences for use in the JNK-inhibitors  according to the present invention SEQUENCE/PEPTIDE SEQ ID NAME NO AA SEQUENCE r3 (generic) 31 9 rXXXrXXXr r3 (generic; right half) 32 9 rKKRrX₄X₅X₆r r3 (generic; left half) 33 9 rX₁X₂X₃rQRRr r3 (generic; individual) 34 9 rX₁X₂X₃rX₄X₅X₆r TAT (1-86) 35 86 MEPVDPRLEP WKHPGSQPKT ACTNCYCKKC CFHCQVCFIT KALGISYGRK KRRQRRRPPQ GSQTHQVSLS KQPTSQSRGD PTGPKE TAT (37-72) 36 36 CFITKALGIS YGRKKRRQRR RPPQGSQTHQ VSLSKQ TAT (37-58) 37 22 CFITKALGIS YGRKKRRQRR RP TAT (38-58)GGC 38 24 FITKALGISY GRKKRRQRRR PGGC TAT CGG(47-58) 39 15 CGGYGRKKRR QRRRP TAT (47-58)GGC 40 15 YGRKKRRQRR RPGGC TAT (1-72) Mut 41 56 MEPVDPRLEP WKHPGSQPKT AFITKALGIS YGRKKRRQRR Cys/Ala 72 RPPQGSQTHQ VSLSKQ L-TAT (s1a) 42 10 GRKKRRQRRR (NH₂—GRKKRRQRRR—COOH) L-TAT (s1b) 43 9 RKKRRQRRR (NH₂—GRKKRRQRRR—COOH) L-TAT (s1c) 44 11 YDRKKRRQRRR D-TAT 45 9 rrrqrrkkr r₃-L-TAT 46 9 rKKRrQRRr r₃-L-TATi 47 9 rRRQrRKKr βA-r₃-L-TAT 48 9 βA-rKKRrQRRr (βA: beta alanine) βA-r₃-L-TATi 49 9 βA-rRRQrRKKr (βA: beta alanine) FITC-βA-r₃-L-TAT 50 9 FITC-βA-rKKRrQRRr (βA: beta alanine) FITC-βA-r₃-L-TATi 51 9 FITC-βA-rRRQrRKKr (βA: beta alanine) TAT(s2-1) 52 9 rAKRrQRRr TAT(s2-2) 53 9 rKARrQRRr TAT(s2-3) 54 9 rKKArQRRr TAT(s2-4) 55 9 rKKRrARRr TAT(s2-5) 56 9 rKKRrQARr TAT(s2-6) 57 9 rKKRrQRAr TAT(s2-7) 58 9 rDKRrQRRr TAT(s2-8) 59 9 rKDRrQRRr TAT(s2-9) 60 9 rKKDrQRRr TAT(s2-10) 61 9 rKKRrDRRr TAT(s2-11) 62 9 rKKRrQDRr TAT(s2-12) 63 9 rKKRrQRDr TAT(s2-13) 64 9 rEKRrQRRr TAT(s2-14) 65 9 rKERrQRRr TAT(s2-15) 66 9 rKKErQRRr TAT(s2-16) 67 9 rKKRrERRr TAT(s2-17) 68 9 rKKRrQERr TAT(s2-18) 69 9 rKKRrQREr TAT(s2-19) 70 9 rFKRrQRRr TAT(s2-20) 71 9 rKFRrQRRr TAT(s2-21) 72 9 rKKFrQRRr TAT(s2-22) 73 9 rKKRrFRRr TAT(s2-23) 74 9 rKKRrQFRr TAT(s2-24) 75 9 rKKRrQRFr TAT(s2-25) 76 9 rRKRrQRRr TAT(s2-26) 77 9 rKRRrQRRr TAT(s2-27) 78 9 rKKKrQRRr TAT(s2-28) 79 9 rKKRrRRRr TAT(s2-29) 80 9 rKKRrQKRr TAT(s2-30) 81 9 rKKRrQRKr TAT(s2-31) 82 9 rHKRrQRRr TAT(s2-32) 83 9 rKHRrQRRr TAT(s2-33) 84 9 rKKHrQRRr TAT(s2-34) 85 9 rKKRrHRRr TAT(s2-35) 86 9 rKKRrQHRr TAT(s2-36) 87 9 rKKRrQRHr TAT(s2-37) 88 9 rIKRrQRRr TAT(s2-38) 89 9 rKIRrQRRr TAT(s2-39) 90 9 rKKIrQRRr TAT(s2-40) 91 9 rKKRrIRRr TAT(s2-41) 92 9 rKKRrQIRr TAT(s2-42) 93 9 rKKRrQRIr TAT(s2-43) 94 9 rLKRrQRRr TAT(s2-44) 95 9 rKLRrQRRr TAT(s2-45) 96 9 rKKLrQRRr TAT(s2-46) 97 9 rKKRrLRRr TAT(s2-47) 98 9 rKKRrQLRr TAT(s2-48) 99 9 rKKRrQRLr TAT(s2-49) 100 9 rMKRrQRRr TAT(s2-50) 101 9 rKMRrQRRr TAT(s2-51) 102 9 rKKMrQRRr TAT(s2-52) 103 9 rKKRrMRRr TAT(s2-53) 104 9 rKKRrQMRr TAT(s2-54) 105 9 rKKRrQRMr TAT(s2-55) 106 9 rNKRrQRRr TAT(s2-56) 107 9 rKNRrQRRr TAT(s2-57) 108 9 rKKNrQRRr TAT(s2-58) 109 9 rKKRrNRRr TAT(s2-59) 110 9 rKKRrQNRr TAT(s2-60) 111 9 rKKRrQRNr TAT(s2-61) 112 9 rQKRrQRRr TAT(s2-62) 113 9 rKQRrQRRr TAT(s2-63) 114 9 rKKQrQRRr TAT(s2-64) 115 9 rKKRrKRRr TAT(s2-65) 116 9 rKKRrQQRr TAT(s2-66) 117 9 rKKRrQRQr TAT(s2-67) 118 9 rSKRrQRRr TAT(s2-68) 119 9 rKSRrQRRr TAT(s2-69) 120 9 rKKSrQRRr TAT(s2-70) 121 9 rKKRrSRRr TAT(s2-71) 122 9 rKKRrQSRr TAT(s2-72) 123 9 rKKRrQRSr TAT(s2-73) 124 9 rTKRrQRRr TAT(s2-74) 125 9 rKTRrQRRr TAT(s2-75) 126 9 rKKTrQRRr TAT(s2-76) 127 9 rKKRrTRRr TAT(s2-77) 128 9 rKKRrQTRr TAT(s2-78) 129 9 rKKRrQRTr TAT(s2-79) 130 9 rVKRrQRRr TAT(s2-80) 131 9 rKVRrQRRr TAT(s2-81) 132 9 rKKVrQRRr TAT(s2-82) 133 9 rKKRrVRRr TAT(s2-83) 134 9 rKKRrQVRr TAT(s2-84) 135 9 rKKRrQRVr TAT(s2-85) 136 9 rWKRrQRRr TAT(s2-86) 137 9 rKWRrQRRr TAT(s2-87) 138 9 rKKWrQRRr TAT(s2-88) 139 9 rKKRrWRRr TAT(s2-89) 140 9 rKKRrQWRr TAT(s2-90) 141 9 rKKRrQRWr TAT(s2-91) 142 9 rYKRrQRRr TAT(s2-92) 143 9 rKYRrQRRr TAT(s2-93) 144 9 rKKYrQRRr TAT(s2-94) 145 9 rKKRrYRRr TAT(s2-95) 146 9 rKKRrQYRr TAT(s2-96) 147 9 rKKRrQRYr TAT(s2-97) 148 8 rKKRrQRr TAT(s2-98) 149 9 rKKRrQRrK TAT(s2-99) 150 9 rKKRrQRrR r₃R₆ 151 9 rRRRrRRRr L-R₉ 152 9 RRRRRRRRR L-R₈ 153 8 RRRRRRRR L-R₇ 154 7 RRRRRRR L-R₆ 155 6 RRRRRR L-R₅ 156 5 RRRRR r₉ 157 9 rrrrrrrrr r₅R₄(D/L) 158 9 rRrRrRrRr r₅R₄(DD/LL) 159 9 rrRRrrRRr PTD-4 160 11 YARAAARQARA PTD-4 (variant 1) 161 11 WARAAARQARA PTD-4 (variant 2) 162 11 WARAQRAAARA L-P₁ Penetratin 163 16 RQVKVWFQNRRMKWKK D-P₁ Penetratin 164 16 KKWKMRRNQFWVKVQR JNKI, bestfit 165 17 WKRAAARKARAMSLNLF JNKI, bestfit (variant 1) 166 17 WKRAAARAARAMSLNLF MDCK transcytose 167 9 RYRGDLGRR sequence YKGL 168 4 YKGL P₁ 169 4 RRTK P₆₆ 170 4 RRPK

As mentioned above, transporter sequences may also be selected from fragments or variants of the above sequences of table 2 (with the proviso that such fragment or variant retain preferably the function to provide for translocation across biological membranes). In this specific context, variants and/or fragments of those transporter sequences preferably comprise a peptide sequence sharing at least 10%, at least 20%, at least so %, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80% or at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95% and most preferably at least 99% sequence identity over the whole length of the sequence of such a transporter sequence as defined in Table 2. In this specific context, a “fragment” of a transporter sequence as defined in Table 2, is preferably to be understood as a truncated sequence thereof, i.e. an amino acid sequence, which is N-terminally, C-terminally and/or intrasequentially truncated compared to the amino acid sequence of the original sequence.

Furthermore, a “variant” of a transporter sequence or its fragment as defined above, is preferably to be understood as a sequence wherein the amino acid sequence of the variant differs from the original transporter sequence or a fragment thereof as defined herein in one or more mutation(s), such as one or more substituted, (or, if necessary, inserted and/or deleted) amino acid(s). Preferably, variants of such a transporter sequence as defined above have the same biological function or specific activity compared to the respective original sequence, i.e. provide for transport, e.g. into cells or the nucleus. In this context, a variant of such a transporter sequence as defined above may for example comprise about 1 to 50, 1 to 20, more preferably 1 to 10 and most preferably 1 to 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino acid alterations. Variants of such a transporter sequence as defined above may preferably comprise conservative amino acid substitutions. The concept of conservative amino acid substitutions is known in the art and has already been set out above for the JNK inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence and applies here accordingly.

The length of a transporter sequence incorporated in the JNK inhibitor of the present invention may vary. It is contemplated that in some embodiments the transporter sequence of the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention is less than 150, less than 140, less than 130, less than 120, less than 110, less than 100, less than 90, less than 80, less than 70, less than 60, less than 50, less than 40, less than 30, less than 20, and/or less than 10 amino acids in length.

Whether a specific transporter sequence is still functional in the context of the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention may easily be determined by a person skilled in the art. For instance, the JNK inhibitor comprising a transporter domain may be fused to a label, e.g. a fluorescent protein such as GFP, a radioactive label, an enzyme, a fluorophore, an epitope etc. which can be readily detected in a cell. Then, the JNK inhibitor comprising the transporter sequence and the label is transfected into a cell or added to a culture supernatant and permeation of cell membranes can be monitored by using biophysical and biochemical standard methods (for example flow cytometry, (immuno)fluorescence microscopy etc.).

Specific examples of JNK inhibitors according to the present invention comprising a transporter sequence are given in table 5:

TABLE 3 Examples for JNK inhibitors comprising  an inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence and a transporter sequence Amino acid sequence AA SEQ ID NO: rKKRrQRRrRPkRPTTLNLf 20 171 rKKRrQRRrRPkRPaTLNLf 20 172 rKKRrQRRrRPkRPTTLrLf 20 173 rKKRrQRRrRPTTLNLf 17 174 rKKRrQRrRPTTLNLf 16 175 rKKRrQRRrRPkRPTTLNLw 20 176 rKKRrQRRrRPkRPTDLNLf 20 177 rKKRrQRRrRPTTLrLw 17 178 rKKRrQRrRPTTLrLw 16 179 rKKRrQRRrRPTDLrLw 17 180 rKKRrQRrRPTDLrLw 16 181 rKKRrQRRrRPaTLNLf 17 182 rKKRrQRrRPaTLNLf 16 183 rKKRrQRrKRPaTLNLf 17 184 rKKRrQRRrRPkRPsTLNLf 20 185 rKKRrQRRrRPkRPqTLNLf 20 186 rKKRrQRRrRPkRPkTLNLf 20 187 rKKRrQRRrGKRKALKLf 18 188 rKKRrQRRrGKRKALrLf 18 189 rKKRrQRRrRKALrLf 16 190

As mentioned above, in a particular embodiment of the present invention the transporter sequence and the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence may overlap. In other words, the N-terminus of the transporter sequence may overlap with the C-terminus of the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence or the C-terminus of the transporter sequence may overlap with the N-terminus of the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence. The latter embodiment is particularly preferred. Preferably, the transporter sequence overlaps by one, two or three amino acid residues with the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence. In such scenario a given transporter sequence may overlap with SEQ ID NO:1 or the respective variants thereof at position 1 (X1), position 1 and 2 (X1, X2), positions 1, 2 and 3 (X1, X2, X3).

SEQ ID NOs: 174, 175, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 188, 189 and 190 are good examples for JNK inhibitors according to the present invention, wherein transporter sequence and the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence overlap, e.g. rKKRrQRRrRPTTLNLf (SEQ ID NO: 174) is an overlap of SEQ ID NO: 46 (underlined) and SEQ ID NO: 11 (italics).

Certainly the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention may also be selected from JNK inhibitors, which are a variant of any one of the JNK inhibitors according to SEQ ID NOs: 171-190. Preferably, such variant shares at least 50%, more preferably at least 55%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 65%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95% sequence identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 171-190, in particular with SEQ ID NO: 172,

with the proviso that with respect to the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence within said sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 171-190 (see for reference inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and specific examples of SEQ ID NOs: 2-27)) such sequence sharing sequence identity

-   -   a) maintains the L-arginine (R) residue on position 4 within the         inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence,     -   b) maintains the two L-leucine (L) residues at position 8 and 10         (positions 7 and 9 with regard to SEQ ID NOs: 25-27) within the         inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence,     -   c) exhibits at least one, at least two, at least three, at least         four, at least five or six D-amino acid(s) at the respective         positions corresponding to the amino acids selected from the         group consisting of X1, X2, X3, X5, X7 and or X8 of SEQ ID NO: 1         and respective positions in SEQ ID NOs: 2-27, more preferably         exhibits at least one, at least two, at least three or four         D-amino acid(s) at the positions corresponding to the amino         acids selected from the group consisting of X3, X5, X7 and X8 of         SEQ ID NO: 1 and respective positions in SEQ ID NOs: 2-27, and     -   d) still inhibits JNK activity (i.e. is a JNK inhibitor as         defined herein).

In view of said definition and for sake of clarity the residues which may not be changed in variants of JNK inhibitors comprising SEQ ID NOs: 171-190 (see a) and b) in the above definition) are underlined in table 3.

The non-identical amino acids in the variants of JNK inhibitors comprising SEQ ID NOs: 171-190 are preferably the result of conservative amino acid substitutions (see above). Certainly, the further possible substitutions mentioned above are also contemplated for variants of JNK inhibitors comprising SEQ ID NOs: 171-190. Likewise, the present invention certainly also contemplates variants of any one of the JNK inhibitors according to SEQ ID NOs: 171-190, which deviate from the original sequence not or not exclusively in the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence, but exhibits variant residues in the transporter sequence. For variants and fragments of transporter sequences see in particular respective disclosure above.

As mentioned previously, the transporter sequence and the JNK inhibitory (poly)-peptide sequence of the JNK inhibitors according to the present invention need not necessarily be directly joined to each other. They may also be spaced apart, e.g. by intermediate (poly-)peptide sequences. Preferred intermediate sequences separating the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequences and other (functional) sequences such as transporter sequences consist of short peptide sequences less than 10 amino acids in length like a hexaamer, a pentamer, a tetramer, a tripeptide or even only a dipeptide or a single amino acid residue. Particularly preferred intermediate sequence are one, two or more copies of di-proline, di-glycine, di-arginine and/or di-lysine, all either in L-amino acid form only, or in D-amino acid form only, or with mixed D- and L-amino acids. Certainly, other known peptide spacer sequences may be employed as well.

A particularly preferred JNK inhibitor according to the present invention comprises SEQ ID NO: 8 (or a sequence sharing sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 8 with the scope and limitations defined further above) and a transporter sequence. The transporter sequence is preferably selected from any one of SEQ ID Nos: 31-170 or variants thereof as defined herein, even more preferably from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 31-34 and 46-151. A particularly preferred embodiment of a JNK inhibitor according to the present invention is a JNK inhibitor comprising SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 46 (or sequences sharing respective sequence identity thereto within the scope and limitations defined further above). A preferred example is a JNK inhibitor comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 172 or respective variants thereof varying in the transporter sequence and/or the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence as defined herein.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to a JNK inhibitor comprising

-   -   a) an inhibitory (poly-)peptide comprising a sequence from the         group of sequences consisting of RPTTLNLF (SEQ ID NO: 191),         KRPTTLNLF (SEQ ID NO: 192), RRPTTLNLF and/or RPKRPTTLNLF (SEQ ID         NO: 193), and     -   b) a transporter sequence, preferably a transporter sequence         selected from the transporter sequences disclosed in table 2 or         variants/fragments thereof, even more preferably selected from         SEQ ID NOs: 31-34 and 46-151 or respective variants or fragments         thereof.

The transporter sequence and the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence may overlap. Preferred transporter sequences for said embodiment of the invention are particularly the transporter sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46, preferably joined (e.g. directly) to the N-Terminus of the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence.

A JNK inhibitor of the present invention may also be a JNK inhibitor comprising or consisting of the sequence GRKKRRQRRRPPKRPTTLNLFPQVPRSQD (SEQ ID NO: 194), or the sequence GRKKRRQRRRPTLNLFPQVPRSQD (SEQ ID NO: 195).

In a further aspect the present invention relates to a (poly-)peptide comprising a transporter sequence selected from the group of sequences consisting of rKKRrQRr (SEQ ID NO: 148), rKKRrQRrK (SEQ ID NO: 149), and/or rKKRrQRrR (SEQ ID NO: 150).

As used herein, comprising a certain sequence or a certain SEQ ID NO: usually implies that (at least) one copy of said sequence is present, e g. in the JNK inhibitor molecule. For example, one inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence will usually suffice to achieve sufficient inhibition of JNK activity. However, the inventor certainly contemplate that the use of two or more copies of the respective sequence (e.g. two or more copies of an inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence of different or same type and/or two or more copies of a transporter sequence of different or the same type) may also employed as long as the overall ability of the resulting molecule to inhibit JNK activity is not abolished (i.e. the respective molecule is still a JNK inhibitor as defined herein).

The inventive JNK inhibitors may be obtained or produced by methods well-known in the art, e.g. by chemical synthesis via solid-phase peptide synthesis using Fmoc (9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl) strategy, i.e. by successive rounds of Fmoc deprotection and Fmoc-amino acid coupling cycles. A commercial service offering such peptide synthesis is provided by many companies, for example the company PolyPeptide (StraBbourg, France).

The JNK inhibitors for use according to the present invention may optionally be further modified, in particular at the amino acid residues of the inhibitory (poly-peptide) sequence. Possible modifications may for example be selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   (i) radioactive labels, i.e. radioactive phosphorylation or a         radioactive label with sulphur, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen,         etc.;     -   (ii) colored dyes (e.g. digoxygenin, etc.);     -   (iii) fluorescent groups (e.g. fluorescein, etc.);     -   (iv) chemoluminescent groups;     -   (v) groups for immobilization on a solid phase (e.g. His-tag,         biotin, strep-tag, flag-tag, antibodies, epitopes, etc.);     -   (vi) pegylation,     -   (vii) glycosylation,     -   (viii) hesylation,     -   (ix) protease cleavage sites (e.g. for controlled release of the         JNK inhibitor)     -   (x) peptide backbone modifications (e.g. (ΨCH₂—NH) bonds)     -   (xi) protection of amino acid side chain residues,     -   (xii) protection of N- and/or C-terminus (e.g. N-terminal         amidation or C-terminal acetylation)     -   (xiii) a combination of elements of two or more of the elements         mentioned under (i) to (xii).     -   Particularly preferred are modifications selected from (i)         to (xi) and combinations of elements of two or more of the         elements mentioned under (i) to (xi). In this context the         present invention relates in a further aspect to a JNK inhibitor         as disclosed herein modified with modifications selected         from (i) to (xi) or modified with a combination of two or more         of the elements mentioned under (i) to (xi), and a         pharmaceutical composition (see below) comprising such modified         JNK inhibitor.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

The JNK inhibitors as defined according to the invention can be formulated in a pharmaceutical composition, which may be applied in the prevention or treatment of any of the diseases as defined herein. Typically, such a pharmaceutical composition used according to the present invention includes as an active component a JNK inhibitor as defined herein, in particular a JNK inhibitor comprising or consisting of an inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1, as defined herein. Preferably, the active compound is a JNK inhibitor comprising or consisting of an inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-27; or, if a transporter sequence is attached, according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 171-190.

The inventors of the present invention additionally found, that the JNK-inhibitors as defined herein, in particular if fused to a transporter sequence; exhibit a particular well uptake rate into cells involved in the diseases of the present invention. Therefore, the amount of a JNK-inhibitor inhibitor in the pharmaceutical composition to be administered to a subject, may—without being limited thereto—have a very low dose. Thus, the dose may be much lower than for peptide drugs known in the art, such as DTS-108 (Florence Meyer-Losic et al., Clin Cancer Res., 2008, 2145-53). This has several positive aspects, for example a reduction of potential side reactions and a reduction in costs.

Preferably, the dose (per kg bodyweight) is in the range of up to about to mmol/kg, preferably up to about 1 mmol/kg, more preferably up to about 100 μmol/kg, even more preferably up to about 10 μmol/kg, even more preferably up to about 1 μmol/kg, even more preferably up to about 100 nmol/kg, most preferably up to about 50 nmol/kg.

Thus, the dose range may preferably be from about 1 pmol/kg to about 1 mmol/kg, from about 10 pmol/kg to about 0.1 mmol/kg, from about 10 pmol/kg to about 0.01 mmol/kg, from about 50 pmol/kg to about 1 pmol/kg, from about 100 pmol/kg to about 500 nmol/kg, from about 200 pmol/kg to about 300 nmol/kg, from about 300 pmol/kg to about 100 nmol/kg, from about 500 pmol/kg to about 50 nmol/kg, from about 750 pmol/kg to about so nmol/kg, from about 250 pmol/kg to about 5 nmol/kg, from about 1 nmol/kg to about 10 nmol/kg, or a combination of any two of said values.

In this context, prescription of treatment, e.g. decisions on dosage etc. when using the above pharmaceutical composition is typically within the responsibility of general practitioners and other medical doctors, and typically takes account of the disorder to be treated, the condition of the individual patient, the site of delivery, the method of administration and other factors known to practitioners. Examples of the techniques and protocols mentioned above can be found in REMINGTON'S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, 16th edition, Osol, A. (ed), 1980. Accordingly, a “safe and effective amount” for components of the pharmaceutical compositions as used according to the present invention means an amount of each or all of these components, that is sufficient to significantly induce a positive modification of diseases or disorders strongly related to JNK signalling as defined herein. At the same time, however, a “safe and effective amount” is small enough to avoid serious side-effects, that is to say to permit a sensible relationship between advantage and risk. The determination of these limits typically lies within the scope of sensible medical judgment. A “safe and effective amount” of such a component will vary in connection with the particular condition to be treated and also with the age and physical condition of the patient to be treated, the severity of the condition, the duration of the treatment, the nature of the accompanying therapy, of the particular pharmaceutically acceptable carrier used, and similar factors, within the knowledge and experience of the accompanying doctor. The pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention can be used according to the invention for human and also for veterinary medical purposes.

The pharmaceutical composition as used according to the present invention may furthermore comprise, in addition to one or more of the JNK inhibitors, a (compatible) pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, buffer, stabilizer or other materials well known to those skilled in the art.

In this context, the expression “(compatible) pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” preferably includes the liquid or non-liquid basis of the composition. The term “compatible” means that the constituents of the pharmaceutical composition as used herein are capable of being mixed with the pharmaceutically active component as defined above and with one another component in such a manner that no interaction occurs which would substantially reduce the pharmaceutical effectiveness of the composition under usual use conditions. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers must, of course, have sufficiently high purity and sufficiently low toxicity to make them suitable for administration to a person to be treated.

If the pharmaceutical composition as used herein is provided in liquid form, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier will typically comprise one or more (compatible) pharmaceutically acceptable liquid carriers. The composition may comprise as (compatible) pharmaceutically acceptable liquid carriers e.g. pyrogen-free water, isotonic saline or buffered (aqueous) solutions, e.g. phosphate, citrate etc. buffered solutions, vegetable oils, such as, for example, groundnut oil, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and oil from theobroma; polyols, such as, for example, polypropylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; alginic acid, etc. Particularly for injection of the pharmaceutical composition as used herein, a buffer, preferably an aqueous buffer, may be used.

If the pharmaceutical composition as used herein is provided in solid form, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier will typically comprise one or more (compatible) pharmaceutically acceptable solid carriers. The composition may comprise as (compatible) pharmaceutically acceptable solid carriers e.g. one or more compatible solid or liquid fillers or diluents or encapsulating compounds may be used as well, which are suitable for administration to a person. Some examples of such (compatible) pharmaceutically acceptable solid carriers are e.g. sugars, such as, for example, lactose, glucose and sucrose-, starches, such as, for example, corn starch or potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives, such as, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, cellulose acetate, powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; tallow; solid glidants, such as, for example, stearic acid, magnesium stearate; calcium sulphate, etc.

The precise nature of the (compatible) pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or other material may depend on the route of administration. The choice of a (compatible) pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may thus be determined in principle by the manner in which the pharmaceutical composition as used according to the invention is administered. The pharmaceutical composition as used according to the invention can be administered, for example, systemically. Routes for administration include, for example, parenteral routes (e.g. via injection), such as intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, or transdermal routes, etc., enteral routes, such as oral, or rectal routes, etc., topical routes, such as nasal, or intranasal routes, etc., or other routes, such as epidermal routes or patch delivery. Also contemplated (in particular for eye related diseases) are instillation, intravitreal, and subconjunctival administration. Likewise administration may occur intratympanical, for example if ear related diseases are treated.

The suitable amount of the pharmaceutical composition to be used can be determined by routine experiments with animal models. Such models include, without implying any limitation, rabbit, sheep, mouse, rat, dog and non-human primate models. Preferred unit dose forms for injection include sterile solutions of water, physiological saline or mixtures thereof. The pH of such solutions should be adjusted to about 7.4. Suitable carriers for injection include hydrogels, devices for controlled or delayed release, polylactic acid and collagen matrices. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for topical application include those, which are suitable for use in lotions, creams, gels and the like. If the compound is to be administered per orally, tablets, capsules and the like are the preferred unit dose form. The pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for the preparation of unit dose forms, which can be used for oral administration are well known in the prior art. The choice thereof will depend on secondary considerations such as taste, costs and storability, which are not critical for the purposes of the present invention, and can be made without difficulty by a person skilled in the art.

Pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration may be in tablet, capsule, powder or liquid form. A tablet may include a solid carrier as defined above, such as gelatin, and optionally an adjuvant. Liquid pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration generally may include a liquid carrier as defined above, such as water, petroleum, animal or vegetable oils, mineral oil or synthetic oil. Physiological saline solution, dextrose or other saccharide solution or glycols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol may be included.

For intravenous, cutaneous or subcutaneous injection, or injection at the site of affliction, the active ingredient will be in the form of a parenterally acceptable aqueous solution which is pyrogen-free and has suitable pH, isotonicity and stability. Those of relevant skill in the art are well able to prepare suitable solutions using, for example, isotonic vehicles such as Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer's Injection, Lactated Ringer's Injection. Preservatives, stabilizers, buffers, antioxidants and/or other additives may be included, as required. Whether it is a polypeptide, peptide, or nucleic acid molecule, other pharmaceutically useful compound according to the present invention that is to be given to an individual, administration is preferably in a “prophylactically effective amount or a “therapeutically effective amount” (as the case may be), this being sufficient to show benefit to the individual. The actual amount administered, and rate and time-course of administration, will depend on the nature and severity of what is being treated.

Treatment of a disease as defined herein typically includes administration of a pharmaceutical composition as defined above. The JNK inhibitors of the present invention will modulate the JNK activity in the subject. The term “modulate” includes in particular the suppression of phosphorylation of c-jun, ATF2 or NFAT4 in any of the above diseases, for example, by using at least one JNK inhibitor comprising or consisting of an inhibitory (poly)peptide sequence according to any of sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2 to 27, potentially comprising an additional transporter sequence, as a competitive inhibitor of the natural c-jun, ATF2 and NFAT4 binding site in a cell. The term “modulate” also includes suppression of hetero- and homomeric complexes of transcription factors made up of, without being limited thereto, c-jun, ATF2, or NFAT4 and their related partners, such as for example the AP-I complex that is made up of c-jun, AFT2 and c-fos.

Treatment of a subject with the pharmaceutical composition as disclosed above may be typically accomplished by administering (in vivo) an (“therapeutically effective”) amount of said pharmaceutical composition to a subject, wherein the subject may be e.g. a human subject or an animal. The animal is preferably a non-human mammal, e.g., a non-human primate, mouse, rat, dog, cat, cow, horse or pig. The term “therapeutically effective” means that the active component of the pharmaceutical composition is of sufficient quantity to ameliorate the diseases and disorders as discussed herein.

Diseases and Disorders

The gist of the present invention is to use the above disclosed JNK inhibitors and pharmaceutical compositions in a method for treatment of the human or animal body by therapy, in particular of the human body. As mentioned above JNK signalling is involved in a multitude of diverse disease states and disorder and inhibition of said signalling has proposed and successfully tested for many of these. The inventors of the present invention found that the JNK inhibitors disclosed herein are effective JNK inhibitors and are thus equally suitable for the treatment of the diseases as disclosed in the art.

Treatment of a human or animal body by therapy, as used herein, refers to any kind of therapeutic treatment of a respective subject. It includes for example prevention of onset of the disease or symptoms (prophylaxis), i.e. typically prior to manifestation of the disease in the patient. The term also includes the “mere” treatment of symptoms of a given disease, i.e. the treatment will ameliorate pathogenesis by reducing disease associated symptoms, without necessarily curing the underlying cause of the disease and symptoms. Certainly, curing the underlying cause of the disease is also encompassed by the term. The term also encompasses a treatment which delays or even stops progression of the respective disease.

In one embodiment the JNK inhibitors according to the present invention may be administered for example prophylactically prior to potential onset of a foreseeable disorder, e.g. prior to a planned surgical intervention or planned exposure to stressful stimuli. A surgical intervention could for example bear the risk of inflammation of the respective wound or neighbouring tissue (e.g. dry eye syndrome after surgical eye treatment, peri-implantitis after dental implantation treatment, rejection of the graft after transplantation, etc.). Exposure to stressful stimuli like radiation could lead to apoptosis of affected tissue and cells. In such scenario the JNK inhibitors according to the present invention may for example be administered at least once up to about 4 weeks in advance. The JNK inhibitors may for example be administered at least 24 hours, at least 48 hours, at least 1 week, at least 2 weeks or 4 weeks in advance.

The diseases and disorders to be treated with the JNK inhibitors as disclosed herein may be acute or chronic.

Due to the involvement of JNK signalling in a vast diversity of pathological conditions, the JNK inhibitors of the present invention may for example be used for the treatment of diseases of various organs, such as diseases of the eye, diseases of the bone, neural diseases, neuronal diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, diseases of the skin, immune and/or autoimmune diseases, diseases of the eye, diseases of the mouth, inflammatory diseases, metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, proliferative diseases (in particular cancers and tumors), diseases of the ear, diseases of the intestine, diseases of the respiratory system (e.g. lung diseases), infectious diseases, and various other diseases.

The JNK inhibitors of the present invention may be used for example for the treatment of inflammatory diseases including for example acute inflammation as well as chronic inflammation. The JNK inhibitors of the present invention may be used to treat any type of tissue inflammation, e.g. inflammation in the eye, inflammation in the mouth, inflammation of the respiratory system including in particular the lung, inflammation of the skin, inflammation within the cardiovascular system, inflammation of the brain, inflammation in the ear, etc. Some non-limiting examples for such inflammatory disease states are mucositis, stomatitis, peri-implantitis, retinitis, chorioiditis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), uveitis (e.g. anterior uveitis, intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis), periodontitis, COPD, asthma, pulpitis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, Crohn's disease, psoriatic arthritis, vasculitis, interstitial cystitis; acute inflammation at a site of infection or wound, meningitis, encephalitis, pneumonia, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis (including otitis media), vasculitis, synovitis, enteritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, graft rejection etc.

The JNK inhibitors as disclosed herein may for example be used in methods of treatment of ear diseases (in particular diseases of the inner ear), hearing loss (in particular acute hearing loss), damaged hair cell stereocilia, hair cell apoptosis, noise trauma, otitis, otitis media etc. Hearing loss and associated hair cell apoptosis are non-limiting examples for disorders resulting from stress situations for cells in which JNK inhibition can modulate the stress response and for example block apoptosis.

The JNK inhibitors of the present invention may also be used for the treatment of metabolic disorders, for example for the treatment of diabetes (type 1 or type 2, in particular type 1), Fabry disease, Gaucher disease, hypothermia, hyperthermia hypoxia, lipid histiocytosis, lipidoses, metachromatic leukodystrophy, mucopolysaccharidosis, Niemann Pick disease, obesity, and Wolman's disease. Hypothermia, hyperthermia and hypoxia are again non-limiting examples for stress situations for cells in which JNK inhibition can modulate the stress response and for example block apoptosis.

Likewise, the JNK inhibitors of the present invention may be used for the treatment of neural, neuronal and/or neurodegenerative diseases, respectively. Examples for such diseases are for example Alexander disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), apoplexy, Ataxia Telangiectasia, cut or otherwise disrupted axons, axotomy, brain lesions, CMT (Charcot-Marie-Tooth), corticobasal degeneration, dementia, diseases or disorders of the nervous system, dystonia, epilepsy, Farber's disease, Friedreich ataxia (SCA), gangliosidoses, Guillain-Barre syndrome, hereditary spastic paraplegia, Hirschsprung's disease, human immunodeficiency virus dementia, Huntington's disease, infarct of the brain, ischemic stroke, Krabbe disease, Lennox Gastaut Syndrome, lissencephaly, multiple sclerosis, myelodysplastic syndromes, myelopathy, AIDS-related neurodegenerative diseases, neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF-2), neurolatyerism, neuronal apoptosis, neuronal death, neuropathic pain, neuropathy, chemotherapy induced neuropathy, diabetes induced neuropathy, NMDA-induced neurotoxicity, pain, Parkinson's disease, parkinsonism, Pick's Disease, polyneuropathy, progressive supranuclear palsy, Sandhoff disease, spina bifida, stroke, Tay Sachs, TBI (diffuse axonal injury), treatment of dark neurone induced for example by an inflammatory pain, West Syndrome, spinal muscular atrophy etc.

With respect to autoimmune disorders, the JNK inhibitor peptides of the present invention may for example be used in a method of treatment of autoimmune diseases of the CNS, auto-inflammatory diseases, Celiac disease; Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus etc.

Examples for bone diseases which may be treated with the JNK inhibitors of the present invention are for example arthritis, disc herniation, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), osteoarthritis, osteopetrosis, osteoporosis, in particular diabetes induced osteoporosis, Paget's Disease, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.

Examples for skin diseases which may be treated with the JNK inhibitors of the present invention are for example psoriasis and lupus erythematosus.

Diseases of the eye, which may be treated with the JNK inhibitors of the present invention involve for example age-related macular degeneration (AMD); angioid streaks; anterior ischemic optic neuropathy; anterior uveitis; cataract, in particular age related cataract; central exudative chorioretinopathy; central serous chorioretinopathy; chalazion; chorioderemia; chorioiditis; choroidal sclerosis; conjunctivitis; cyclitis; diabetic retinopathy; dry eye syndrome; endophthalmitis; episcleritis; eye infection; fundus albipunctatus; gyrate atrophy of choroid and retina; hordeolum; inflammatory diseases of the blephara; inflammatory diseases of the choroid; inflammatory diseases of the ciliary body; inflammatory diseases of the conjunctiva; inflammatory diseases of the cornea; inflammatory diseases of the iris; inflammatory diseases of the lacrimal gland; inflammatory diseases of the orbital bone, inflammatory diseases of the sclera; inflammatory diseases of the vitreous body; inflammatory diseases of the uvea; inflammatory diseases of the retina; intermediate uveitis; irititis; keratitis; Leber's disease; multifocal choroiditis; myositis of the eye muscle; neovascular maculopathy (e.g. caused by high myopia, tilted disc syndrome, choroidal osteoma or the like); NMDA induced retinotoxicity; non-chronic or chronic inflammatory eye diseases; Oguchi's disease; optic nerve disease; orbital phlegmon; panophtalmitis; panuveitis; post caspule opacification; posterior capsule opacification (PCO) (a cataract after-surgery complication); posterior uveitis; proliferative vitreoretinopathy; retinal artery occlusion; retinal detachment, retinal diseases; retinal injuries; retinal macroaneurysm; retinal pigment epithelium detachment; retinal vein occlusion; retinitis; retinitis pigmentosa; retinitis punctata albescens; retinopathy, in particular retinopathy of prematurity and diabetic retinopathy; scleritis; Stargardt's disease; treatment of inflamed ocular wounds and/or ocular wound edges; treatment of intraocular inflammation after eye surgery or trauma; uveitis; vitelliform macular dystrophy; etc.

Exemplary diseases of the mouth which may be treated with the JNK inhibitors as disclosed herein are periodontitis, in particular chronic periodontitis; mucositis, oral desquamative disorders, oral liquen planus, pemphigus vulgaris, pulpitis; stomatitis; temporomandibular joint disorder, peri-implantitis etc.

Likewise the JNK inhibitors of the present invention may—as already previously proposed for other JNK inhibitors—be used for the treatment of proliferative diseases like cancer and tumor diseases, such as acusticus neurinoma lung carcinomas; acute lymphocytic leukemia (L1, L2, L); acute lymphoid leukaemia (ALL); acute myelogenous leukemia (AML); adenocarcinomas; anal carcinoma; bronchial carcinoma; cervix carcinoma; cervical cancer, astrocytoma; basalioma; cancer with Bcr-Abl transformation; bladder cancer, blastomas; bone cancer, brain metastases; brain tumours; breast cancer, Burkitt's lymphoma; carcinoids; cervical cancer, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL); chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML); colon cancer, colon carcinoma; corpus carcinoma; craniopharyngeomas; CUP syndrome-, virus-induced tumours; EBV-induced B cell lymphoma; endometrium carcinoma; erytholeukemia (M6); esophagus cancer, gallbladder cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumors; gastrointestinal tumours; genitourinary cancer, glaucoma; glioblastoma; gliomas; head/neck tumours; hepatitis B-induced tumours; hepatocell carcinomas; hepatomas; herpes virus-induced tumours; Hodgkin's syndrome; HTLV-1-induced lymphomas; HTLV-2-induced lymphomas; insulinomas; intestinal cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma; kidney cancer, kidney carcinomas; laryngeal cancer, leukemia; lid tumour, liver cancer, liver metastases; lung cancer, lymphoid cancer, lymphomas; malignant melanomas; mammary carcinomas; mantle cell lymphoma; medulloblastoma; megakaryoblastic leukemia (M7); melanoma, in particular malignant melanoma; meningioma; mesothelioma; monocytic leukemia (MS); multiple myeloma; mycosis fungoides; myeloblastic leukemia (M1); myeloblastic leukemia (M2); myelomonocytic leukemia (M4); neurinoma; non-Hodgkin's lymphomas; non-small cell carcinoma; non-small cell carcinoma of the lung; oesophageal cancer, oesophageal carcinoma; oligodendroglioma; ovarian cancer, ovarian carcinoma; pancreatic cancer, pancreatic carcinoma; papilloma virus-induced carcinomas; penis cancer, pituitary tumour, plasmocytoma; promyelocytic leukemia (M3); prostate cancer, prostate tumours; rectal tumours; rectum carcinoma; renal-cell carcinoma; retinoblastoma; sarcomas; Schneeberger's disease; small cell lung carcinomas; small intestine cancer, small intestine tumours; soft tissue tumours; spinalioma; squamous cell carcinoma; stomach cancer, testicular cancer, throat cancer, thymoma; thyroid cancer, thyroid carcinoma; tongue cancer, undifferentiated AML (MO); urethral cancer, uterine cancer, vaginal cancer, Von Hippel Lindau disease; vulval cancer, Wilms' Tumor, Xeroderma pigmentosum; etc.

Since JNK signalling is also involved in many cardiovascular diseases and disorders, the use of JNK inhibitors in the treatment of such diseases has already been suggested in the past. The inhibitors of the present invention may be used accordingly, e.g. for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as arterial hypertension; arteriosclerosis; arteriosclerotic lesions; Behcet's syndrome; bifurcations of blood vessels; cardiac hypertrophy; cardiavascular hypertrophy; cardiomyopathies, in particular chemotherapy induced cardiomyopathies; cerebral ischemia; coronary heart diseases; dilatation of the abdominal aorta; focal cerebral ischemia; global cerebral ischemia; heart hypertrophy; infrarenal aneurism hypertension; ischemia; myocardial infarct, in particular acute myocardial infarction; myocarditis; reperfusion; restenosis; vasculitis; Wegener's granulomatosis; etc.

The JNK inhibitors of the present invention may in the context of cardiovascular diseases also be used complementary to coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG surgery); percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA); and/or stent treatment, for example to prevent or treat intimal hyperplasia resulting from said (surgical) treatment.

Diseases of the respiratory system and in particular lung diseases which may be treated effectively with the JNK inhibitors of the present invention are for example acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); asthma; chronic illnesses involving the respiratory system; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); cystic fibrosis; inflammatory lung diseases; pneumonia; pulmonary fibrosis; etc.

Like the inhibitors in the prior art the inhibitors of the present invention may also be used to treat disease of the intestinal tract, e.g. colitis (e.g. atypical colitis, chemical colitis; collagenous colitis, distal colitis, diversion colitis; fulminant colitis, indeterminate colitis, infectious colitis, ischemic colitis, lymphocytic colitis, or microscopic colitis), Crohn's disease, gastroenteritis, Hirschsprung's disease, inflammatory digestive diseases; inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Morbus Crohn, non-chronic or chronic digestive diseases, non-chronic or chronic inflammatory digestive diseases; regional enteritis; ulcerative colitis etc.

The JNK inhibitors of the present invention may also serve as therapeutic agent for the treatment of infectious diseases resulting from e.g. bacterial or viral infection. The JNK inhibitors as disclosed herein may for example prevent or ameliorate inflammatory reactions caused by said infections. Examples for such diseases states, which are not considered to be limiting, are viral encephalitis; viral induced cancers (e.g. as mentioned above), human immunodeficiency virus dementia, meningitis, meningoencephalitis, encephalomyelitis, tonsillitis, etc.

There are many other diseases, disease states and disorders for which the JNK inhibitors of the present invention can be used as treatment, for example Aarskog syndrome, acetaminophen hepatotoxicity; Alder-Reilly anomaly; alopecia areata; alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency; anaphylaxis; apoptosis; apoptotic cell death; atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome; basopenia; basophilia; bipolar disorders; burns; cellular shear stress; Chedial-Higashi syndrome; DNA damage due to chemotherapeutic drugs; cholestasis; chromosome 11, Partial Monosomy 11q; chromosome 22, Trisomy Mosaic; chronic granulomatous disease; hepatitis, such as chronic or fulminant hepatitis; clinical depression; common variable hypogammaglobulinemia; congenital C3 deficiency; CTL protection from activation-induced cell death (AICD); deafness; depression and depressive disorders (in particular prevention of depressive disorders develop on a background of cytokine-induced sickness behaviour), DiGeorge's syndrome; diseases caused by defective apoptosis; diseases of the liver, diseases of the spine; diseases of the uterus; diseases states and symptoms due to exposure to DNA damaging agents and/or ionizing radiation and resulting cellular stress; Down Syndrome; Duchenne muscular dystrophy; ectodermal dysplasias; endometriosis; eosinopenia; eosinophilia; exocitoxic cell death; fetal alcohol syndrome; fibrosis; fibrotic disease; formation of fibrous tissue, free radicals (leading to cellular stress); graft rejection; Graft versus host Disease; hair loss; hemolytic uremic syndrome; hepatotoxicity; hyperalgesia, such as diabetes induced hyperalgesia; hyperthermia; hypoglycemia; hypothyroidism; idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome; IgA nephropathy; infantile sex-linked agammaglobulinemia; inflammatory pain; infrarenal aneyrism; islet regeneration; islet transplantation; Job's syndrome (hyper-IgE); lazy leukocyte syndrome; leukocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; leukodystrophy; leukopenia; lymphocytic leukocytosis; lymphocytopenia; lymphocytosis; major depression; mania; maniac depression; Marfan syndrome; mastocytosis; May Hegglin Anomaly; membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis Type II; monocytopenia; monocytosis; myeloperoxidase deficiency-benign; myopathies; neutropenia; neutrophilia; Nezelofs syndrome; organ transplantation; oxidative stress injuries; Pelger-Huet anomaly; polycystic kidney diseases; post-dialysis syndrome; radiation syndromes; radiotherapy; renal diseases; renal failure; rescuing CTL from activation induced cell death; severe combined immunodeficiency disease; transplant rejection; transplantation; trisomy; unipolar depression; UV-induced injuries; Wiskott Aldrich syndrome, wound healing; etc.

The inventors of the present invention consider temporomandibular joint disorder, mucositis, stomatitis, oral liquen planus (desquamative disorder), Pemphigus vulgaris (desquamative disorder), periodontitis, chronic periodontitis, pulpitis, peri-implantitis, uveitis (anterior uveitis, intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis), keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome), coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG surgery), acute myocardial infarction, prevention of intimal hyperplasia following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), prevention of intimal hyperplasia following stent placement, atherosclerosis, COPD, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, Crohn's disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis, diabetes, stroke, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and vasculitis, in particular Wegener's granulomatosis, to be particularly useful for treatment with the JNK inhibitors of the present invention.

A person skilled in the art will readily realize that the above mentioned disease states and disorders may belong to more than one of the above mentioned disease classes. For example, bronchial carcinoma is certainly not only a proliferative disease but would also belong in the group of diseases of the respiratory system including lung diseases. Thus, the above mentioned classification of individual diseases is not considered to be limiting or concluding but is considered to of exemplary nature only. It does not preclude that individual disease states recited in one class are factually also suitable examples for the application of the JNK inhibitors of the present invention as treatment in another class of disease states. A person skilled in the art will readily be capable of assigning the different disease states and disorders to matching classifications.

Finally, as mentioned above, the present invention contemplates the use of a JNK inhibitor as defined herein for the treatment of various diseases states and disorders. The present invention does not contemplate to use the JNK inhibitors as defined herein for immunizing non-human animals, e.g. for the production of monoclonal antibodies. Such methods are herein not considered to be methods for treatment of the animal body by therapy.

All references cited herein are herewith incorporated by reference.

EXAMPLES

In the following, particular examples illustrating various embodiments and aspects of the invention are presented. However, the present invention shall not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those described herein will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description, accompanying figures and the examples below. All such modifications fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Example 1: Synthesis of JNK Inhibitor SEQ ID NO: 172

As illustrative example, synthesis of the JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 172 is set out below. A person skilled in the art will know that said synthesis may also be used for and easily adapted to the synthesis of any other JNK inhibitor according to the present invention.

The JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 172 was manufactured by solid-phase peptide synthesis using the Fmoc (9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl) strategy. The linker between the peptide and the resin was the Rink amide linker (p-

Fmoc-2,3-dimethoxybenzyl

-phenoxyacetic acid). The peptide was synthesized by successive Fmoc deprotection and Fmoc-amino acid coupling cycles. At the end of the synthesis, the completed peptide was cleaved by trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) directly to yield the crude C-terminal amide, which was then purified by preparative reverse phase HPLC. The purified fractions were pooled in a homogeneous batch that is treated by ion exchange chromatography to obtain its acetate salt. The peptide was then freeze-dried.

1.1 Solid Phase Synthesis of the Peptide

Except when noted, the manufacturing took place at room temperature (22° C.±7° C.) in an air-filtered environment. The scale of synthesis was 0.7 mmoles of the starting amino acid on the resin, for an expected yield of about 1 g of purified peptide. Synthesis was performed manually in a 30-50 mL reactor equipped with a fritted disk with mechanical stirring and/or nitrogen bubbling.

1.2 Preparation of the Resin

The p-methylbenzhydrylamide resin (MBHA-resin) was first washed with dichloromethane/dimethylformamide/diisoproplyethylamine under nitrogen. The washed resin was then coupled to the Rink amide linker (p-

Fmox-2,4-dimethoxybenzyl

-phenoxyacetic acid) in PyBOB(benzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate)/diisopropyl-ethylamine/1-hydroxybenzotriazole to yield Fmoc-Rink amide-MBHA resin.

1.5 Coupling of Amino Acids

Amino acids were coupled to the resin using the following cycle:

The Fmoc-Rink amide-MBHA resin was deprotected by washing it in 35% (v/v) piperidine/dimethylformamide, followed by dimethylformamide. The deprotection reaction took approximately 16 minutes. Fmoc-protected amino acids (e.g., 2 eq of amino acid and HOBt (1-hydroxybenzotriazole) in dimethylformamide/dichloromethane (50/50) were added to the resin followed by addition of 2 eq of the coupling agent diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC). The coupling reaction took from one hour to overnight depending upon the respective amino acid being added. Volumes were calculated on a basis of 0.5 mL/100 mg of peptide-resin and adjusted after each cycle. After coupling, the resin was washed 5 times with DMF. Completeness of coupling was tested by the ninhydrin test (or Kaiser test 1) on primary amines and the chloranyl test 2 on secondary amines. On some occasions, the chloranyl test may be associated with a ninhydrin test as a security control. In case the coupling test indicated incompleteness of reaction, coupling was repeated with a lower excess (0.5-1 eq) of amino acid, PYBOP, HOBT in dimethylformamide/dichloromethane and diisopropylethylamine. Functionality of the resin was measured and generally 0.6-0.2 meq/g, depending on the original loading of the resin. After the last amino acid has been coupled, the peptide-resin was deprotected as usual and then washed 5 times with DCM before drying in an oven under vacuum at 30° C. After the peptide-resin had dried, the yield of the solid-phase synthesis was calculated as the ratio of the weight increase of the peptide resin compared to the theoretical weight increase calculated from the initial loading of the resin. The yield may be close to 100%.

1.4 Cleavage and Deprotection

The peptide was cleaved from the resin in a mixture of trifluoroacetic acid/1,2-ethanedthiol/thioanisole/water/phenol (88/2.2/4.4/4.4/7 v/v), also called TFA/K reagent, for 4 hours at room temperature. The reaction volume was 1 mL/100 mg of peptide resin. During addition of the resin to the reagent, the mixture temperature was regulated to stay below 30° C.

1.5 Extraction of the Peptide from the Resin:

The peptide was extracted from the resin by filtration through a fritted disc. After concentration on a rotavapor to ⅓ of its volume, the peptide was precipitated by cold t-butyl methyl ether and filtered. The crude peptide was then dried under vacuum at 30° C.

1.6 Preparative HPLC Purification:

The crude peptide was then purified by reverse-phase HPLC to a purity of ≥95%. The purified fractions were concentrated on a rotavaporator and freeze-dried.

1.7 Ion Exchange Chromatography

The concentrated freeze-dried pools of purified peptide with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 172 was dissolved in water and purified by ion exchange chromatography on Dowex acetate, 50-100 mesh resin.

The required starting reagents for the synthesis were:

CAS Registry Molecular Number Chemical Name Weight Fmoc-Rink amide linker 145069-56-3 p-[Fmoc-2,4-dimethoxybenzyl]- 539.6 phenoxyacetic acid Fmoc-D-Ala-OH, H₂O 79990-15-1 N-alpha-Fmoc-D-alanine 311.3 Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)-OH 154445-77-9 N_(α)-Fmoc-N_(ω)-(2,2,4,6,7- 648.8 pentamethyldihydrobenzofuran-5- sulfonyl)-L-arginine Fmoc-D-Arg(Pbf)-OH 187618-60-6 N_(α)-Fmoc-N_(ω)-(2,2,4,6,7- 648.8 pentamethyldihydrobenzofuran-5- sulfonyl)-D-arginine Fmoc-Asn(Trt)-OH 132388-59-1 N-α-Fmoc-N-ß-trityl-L-asparagine 596.7 Fmoc-Gln(Trt)-OH 132327-80-1 N_(α)-Fmoc-N_(δ)-trityl-L-glutamine 610.7 Fmoc-Leu-OH 35661-60-0 N-alpha-Fmoc-leucine 353.4 Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH 71989-26-9 N_(α)-Fmoc-N-_(ε)Boc-L-lysine 468.5 Fmoc-D-Lys(Boc)-OH 92122-45-7 N_(α)-Fmoc-N-_(ε)-Boc-D-lysine 468.5 Fmoc-D-Phe-OH 86123-10-6 N-alpha-Fmoc-D-phenylalanine 387.4 Fmoc-Pro-OH 71989-31-6 N-alpha-Fmoc-proline 337.4 Fmoc-Thr(tBu)-OH 71989-35-0 N-alpha-Fmoc-O-t-butyl-threonine 397.5

Other JNK inhibitors of the present invention may be prepared in similar manner.

Example 2: Inhibitory Efficacy of Selected JNK Inhibitors According to the Present Invention

In the following a standard operating procedure will be set forth describing how the Inhibitory efficacy of JNK inhibitors according to the present invention was measured. The method allows to measure in vitro, in a non radioactive standardized assay, the ability of a candidate compound to decrease the phosphorylation of the c-Jun specific substrate by JNK. Moreover, it will be illustrated how to determine the inhibitory effect (IC50) and the Ki of a chosen compound for JNK. The method is suitable to verify whether a candidate compound does or does not inhibit JNK activity and a person skilled in the art will certainly understand how to adapt the below methods for his specific purposes and needs.

9.1 Material

AlphaScreen Reagent and Plate:

-   -   His-JNK1 (ref 14-327, Upstate, 10 μg in 100 μl: concentration:         2.2 μM) 5 nM final     -   His-JNK2 (ref 14-329, Upstate, 10 μg in 100 μl: concentration: 2         μM) 5 nM final     -   His-JNK3 (ref 14-501, Upstate, 10 μg in 100 μl: concentration:         1.88 μM) 5 nM final     -   Anti-Phospho-cJun (ref 06-828, Upstate, lot DAM1503356,         concentration: 44.5 μM) 10 nM final     -   Biotin-cJun (29-67): sequence:         Biotin—SNPKILKQSMTLNLADPVGSLKPHLRAKNSDLLTSPDVG (SEQ ID NO: 198),         lot 100509 (mw 4382.11, P 99.28%) dissolved in H₂O,         concentration: 10 mM) 30 nM final     -   ATP (refAS001A, Invitrogen, lot 50860B, concentration 100 mM)) 5         μM final     -   SAD beads (ref 6760617M, PerkinElmer, lot 540460-A,         concentration 5 mg/ml) 20 μg/ml final     -   AprotA beads (ref 6760617M, PerkinElmer, lot 540-460-A,         concentration 5 mg/ml) 20 μg/ml final     -   Optiplate 384 well white plate (ref 6007299, PerkinElmer, lot         654280/2008)     -   96 well plate for peptide dilution (ref 82.1581, Sarstedt)     -   TopSeals-A (ref 6005185, Perkin Elmer, Lot 65673)     -   Bioluminescent energy transfer reading     -   The bioluminescent energy transfer was read on the Fusion Alpha         Plate reader (Perkin Elmer).

Pipette:

-   -   An electronic EDPs pipette 20-300 (Ref 17007243; Rainin) was         used to fill in the plate with the Enzme-Antibody mix, the         Subtrate-ATP mix and the Beads.     -   A PIPETMAN® Ultra multichannel 8X20 (Ref 21040; Gilson) was used         to fill in the plate with the inhibitory compounds.

Buffer and Solutions

-   -   Kinase Buffer 20 mM Tris-base pH 7.4, 10 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM DTT, 100         μM Na₃VO₄, 0.01% Tween, (1% DMSO)     -   Stop Buffer 20 mM Tris-base pH 7.4, 200 mM NaCl, 80 mM EDTA-K         (pH de 8 with KOH instead of NaOH), 0.3% BSA     -   JNK dilution Kinase buffer 50 mM Tris-base pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl,         0.1 mM EGTA, 0.03% Brij-35, 270 mM sucrose, 0.1%         β-mercaptoethanol.

2.2 Method

To assess inhibitory effect of the peptides, a standard AlphaScreen assay (see for example Guenat et al. J Biomol Screen, 2006; 11: pages 1015-1026) was performed. The different components were prepared and subsequently mixed as indicated. The plates were sealed and incubated as following:

5 μl JNK + Antibody 5 μl TP kinase +/− inhibitor Pre-incubation 30 min 5 μl Biotin-cJun + ATP Incubation 60 min at 24° C. 10 μl Beads SAD + A protA Incubation 60 min in the dark at 24° C.

To avoid contamination, the mixes were added with the pipette in different corner of the well. After the filling in of the plate with each mix, the plate was tapped (Keep one side fix and let the opposite side tap the table) to let the mix go down the walls of the wells.

The bioluminescent energy transfer was read on the Fusion Alpha Plate reader (Perkin Elmer).

All compounds should at least be tested in triplicate in 3 independent experiments for each isoform of JNK. Possibly concentrations of the compounds to be tested were 0, 0.03 nM, 0.1 nM, 0.3 nM, 1 nM, 3 nM, 10 nM, 30 nM, 100 nM, 300 nM, 1 μM, 3 μM, 10 μM, 30 μM, and 100 μM. Controls were samples either without JNK or without substrate (c-Jun).

Mix Preparation JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3 5 nM

Biotin-cJun 30 nM

ATP 5 μM; Anti phospho-cJun (S63) 10 nM

Bille SAD/AprotA 20 μg/ml

Antibody

final

=10 nM (anti Phospho cJun (S63))

Detection part:

Mix

X5 (5 μl in final volume of 25 μl)

Stock

=44.5 μM (ref 06-828, Upstate, Lot DAM 1503356)

10 nM→50 nM in Kinase Buffer

JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3

final

=5 nM

Reaction part:

Mix

X3 (5 μl in final volume of 15 μl)

Stock

=2.2 μM for JNK1 (ref 14-327, Upstate, lot D7KN022CU)

-   -   2.0 μM for JNK2 (ref 14-329, Upstate, lot 33221CU)     -   1.88 μM for JNK3 (ref 14-501, Upstate, lot D7CN041CU)

5 nM→15 nM in Antibody Buffer

Inhibitor:

Reaction part:

Mix

X3 (5 μl in final volume of 15 μl)

Stock

=10 mM

100 μM → 300 μM in Kinase Buffer 30 μM → 90 μM in Kinase Buffer 10 μM → 30 μM in Kinase Buffer . . . 0.03 nM → 0.09 nM in Kinase Buffer And 0 nM → Kinase Buffer

Two series of 10 times serial dilutions were performed in a 96 well plate, one beginning with 300 μM to 0 nM, the second with 90 μM to 0.03 nM. The peptides are added in the 384 plates with an 8 channels multipipette (ref F14401, Gilson, 8X20).

ATP

final

=5 μM

Reaction part:

Mix

X3 (5 μl in final volume of 15 μl)

Stock

=100 mM (ref AS001A, Invitrogen, lot 50860B)

5 μM→15 μM in Kinase Buffer

Biotin c-Jun

final

=30 nM

Reaction part:

Mix

X3 (5 μl in final volume of 15 μl)

Stock

=10 mM

30 nM→30 nM in ATP Buffer

Beads SAD/A ProtA

final

=20 μg/ml (Light sensitive)

Detection part:

Mix

X 2.5 (10 μl in final volume of 25 μl)

Stock

=5 mg/ml→20 μg/ml 50 μg/ml in STOP Buffer

Mix in the dark room (green Light) or in the darkness.

Analysis of the IC50 curves:

The analysis was performed by the GraphPad Prism4 software with the following equation: Sigmoidal dose-response (No constraint).

Y=Bottom+(Top−Bottom)/(1+10{circumflex over ( )}((Log EC50−X)))

The outliers data were avoided using Grugg's test.

Comparison of the IC50:

The analysis was performed by the GraphPad Prism4 software with the following test: One way ANOVA test followed by a Tukey's Multiple Comparison Test. P<0.05 was considerate as significant.

The Km of the ATP for JNK and the Km of biotin-cJun specific peptide were determined in the report AlphaScreen standardization assay

The mathematical relation between Ki and IC50 (Ki=IC50/(1+(

Substrate

/Km of the substrate)) may be used to calculate the Ki values.

Example 3: Internalization Experiments and Analysis

3.1 Materials and Methods for Uptake Experiments

a) Cell Line:

-   -   The cell line used for this experiment was HL-60 (Ref CCL-240,         ATCC, Lot 116523)

b) Culture Medium and Plates

-   -   RPMI (Ref 21875-091, Invitrogen, Lot 8296) or DMEM (Ref 41965,         Invitrogen, Lot 13481) complemented on May 5, 2008 with:         -   10% FBS (Ref A64906-0098, PAA, Lot A15-151): decomplemented             at 56° C., 30 min, on Apr. 4, 2008.         -   1 mM Sodium Pyruvate (Ref S8636, Sigma, Lot 56K2386)         -   Penicillin (100 unit/ml)/Streptomycin (100 μg/ml) (Ref             P4333, Sigma, Lot 106K2321)     -   PBS 10× (Ref 70011, Invitrogen, Lot 8277): diluted to 1× with         sterile H₂O     -   Trypsine-0.05% EDTA (Ref L-11660, PAA, Lot L66007-1194)     -   6 well culture plates (Ref 140675, Nunc, Lot 102613)     -   24 well culture plates (Ref 142475, Nunc, Lot 095849)     -   96 well culture plates (Ref 167008, Nunc, Lot 083310)     -   96 well plates for protein dosing (Ref 82.1581, Sarstedt)     -   96 well plates for fluorescence measurement (Ref 6005279, Perkin         Elmer)

c) Solutions

-   -   Poly-D-lysine coating solution (Sigma P9011 Lot 095K5104): 25         μg/ml final diluted in PBS 1×     -   Acidic wash buffer: 0.2M Glycin, 0.15M NaCl, pH 3.0     -   Ripa lysis buffer: 10 mM NaH₂PO₄ pH 7.2, 150 mM NaCl, 1% Triton         X-100, 1 mM EDTA pH 8.0, 200 μM Na₃VO₂, 0.1% SDS, 1× protease         inhibitor cocktail (Ref 11873580001, Roche, Lot 13732700)

d) Microscopy and Fluorescence Plate Reader

-   -   Cells were observed and counted using an inverted microscope         (Axiovert 40 CFL; Zeiss; 20×).     -   The fluorescence was read with the Fusion Alpha Plate reader         (Perkin Elmer).

e) Method

-   -   FITC marked peptide internalization was studied on suspension         cells. Cells were plated into poly-DL-lysine coated dishes at a         concentration of 1×10⁶ cells/ml. Plates were then incubated for         24 h at 37° C., 5% CO₂ and 100% relative humidity prior to the         addition of a known concentration of peptide. After peptide         addition, the cells were incubated so min, 1, 6 or 24 h at 37°         C., 5% CO₂ and 100% relative humidity. Cells were then washed         twice with an acidic buffer (Glycin 0.2 M, NaCl 0.15 M, pH 3.0)         in order to remove the cell-surface adsorbed peptide (see         Kameyama et al., (2007), Biopolymers, 88, 98-107). The acidic         buffer was used as peptides rich in basic amino acids adsorb         strongly on the cell surfaces, which often results in         overestimation of internalized peptide. The cell wash using an         acidic buffer was thus employed to remove the cell-surface         adsorbed peptides. The acid wash was carried out in determining         cellular uptake of Fab/cell-permeating peptide conjugates,         followed by two PBS washes. Cells were broken by the addition of         the RIPA lysis buffer. The relative amount of internalized         peptide was then determined by fluorescence after background         subtraction and protein content normalization.     -   The steps are thus: 1. Cell culture         -   2. Acidic wash and cellular extracts         -   3. Analysis of peptide internalization with a fluorescence             plate reader

f) Cell Culture and Peptide Treatment

The 6 well culture plates are coated with 3 ml of Poly-D-Lys (Sigma P9011; 25 μg/ml in PBS), the 24 well plates with 600 μl and the 96 well plates with 125 μl and incubated for 4 h at 37° C., CO₂ 5% and 100% relative humidity.

After 4 hours the dishes were washed twice with 3.5 ml PBS, 700 μl or 150 μl PBS for the 6, 24 or 96 well plates, respectively.

The cells were plated into the dishes in 2.4 ml medium (RPMI) at plating densities of 1,000,000 cells/ml for suspension cells. After inoculation, the plates were incubated at 37° C., 5% CO₂ and 100% relative humidity for 24 hours prior to the addition of the peptide. Adherent cells should be at a density of 90-95% the day of treatment and were plated in DMEM:

Surface of culture Nb adherent Nb suspension well (cm²) Medium cells cells 96 well 0.3 100-200 μl #8′000-30′000   100′000 24 well 2 500-1000 μl 100′000-200′000 500′000-1′000′000 35 mm (P35)/ 10 2.4 ml   250′000-2′100′000 2′400′000 6 well 60 mm (P60) 20 3.5 ml   15 * 10⁵ 1′000′000/ml 10 cm (P100) 60 10 ml 15-60 * 10⁵

The cells were treated with the desired concentration of FITC labeled peptide (stock solution at a concentration of 10 mM in H₂O).

Following peptide addition, the cells were incubated 0 to 24 hours (e.g. so min, 1, 6 or 24 hours) at 37° C., CO₂ 5% and 100% relative humidity.

Acidic Wash and Cellular Extracts:

The extracts were cooled on ice.

Suspension cells (or cells, which don attach well to the dish):

Transfer the cells in «Falcon 15 ml». To recover the maximum of cells, wash the dish with 1 ml of PBS.

Harvest the cells 2 min at 2400 rpm max.

Suspend the cells in 1 ml cold PBS.

Transfer the cells into a coated “Eppendorf tube” (coated with 1 ml of poly D-Lys for 4 hours and washed twice with 1 ml PBS).

Wash three times with 1 ml of cold acidic wash buffer and centrifuge 2 min at 2400 rpm max. Beware of the spreading of the cells in the “eppendorf”.

Wash twice with 1 ml cold PBS to neutralize.

Add 50 μl of lysis RIPA Buffer.

Incubate so min-1 h on ice with agitation.

Adherent Cells:

Wash three times with 3 ml, 1 ml or 200 μl (for 6, 24 or 96 well plates, respectively) of cold acidic wash buffer. Beware of the cells who detach from the dish.

Wash twice with 1 ml cold PBS (for 6, 24 or 96 well plates, respectively) to neutralize.

Add 50 μl of lysis RIPA buffer.

Incubate so min-1 h on ice with agitation.

Scrap the cells with a cold scrapper. The 24 and 96 well plates were directly centrifuged at 4000 rpm at 4° for 15 min to remove the cellular debris. Then the supernatants (100 or 50 ml respectively for the 24 or 96 well plates) were directly transferred in a dark 96 well plated. The plates were read by a fluorescence plate reader (Fusion Alpha, Perkin Elmer).

Transfer the lysate in a coated “eppendorf” (coated with 1 ml of poly D-Lys for 4 hours and wash twice with 1 ml PBS).

The lysed cells were then centrifuged so min at 10000 g at 4° C. to remove the cellular debris.

Remove the supernatant and store it at −80° C. in a coated “Eppendorf tube” (coated with 1 ml of poly D-Lys for 4 hours and washed twice with 1 ml PBS).

Analysis of Peptide Internalization with a Fluorescence Plate Reader:

The content of each protein extract was determined by a standard BCA assay (Kit No 23225, Pierce), following the instructions of the manufacturer.

The relative fluorescence of each sample is determined after reading 10 μl of each sample in a fluorescence plate reader (Fusion Alpha, Perkin Elmer), background subtraction and normalization by protein concentration.

3.2 Uptake Experiments

The time dependant internalization (uptake) of FITC-labeled TAT derived transporter constructs into cells of the HL-60 cell line was carried out as described above using sequences transporter peptides of SEQ ID NOs: 52-96, 43, and 45-47. These sequences are listed below in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Transporter sequence tested in uptake experiments SEQ peptide No: ID abbreviation NO: in FIG. 6 46 r3-L-TAT H2N dR K K R dR Q R R dR CONH2 52 1 H2N dR A K R dR Q R R dR CONH2 53 2 H2N dR K A R dR Q R R dR CONH2 54 3 H2N dR K K A dR Q R R dR CONH2 55 4 H2N dR K K R dR A R R dR CONH2 56 5 H2N dR K K R dR Q A R dR CONH2 57 6 H2N dR K K R dR Q R A dR CONH2 58 7 H2N dR D K R dR Q R R dR CONH2 59 8 H2N dR K D R dR Q R R dR CONH2 60 9 H2N dR K K D dR Q R R dR CONH2 61 10 H2N dR K K R dR D R R dR CONH2 62 11 H2N dR K K R dR Q D R dR CONH2 63 12 H2N dR K K R dR Q R D dR CONH2 64 13 H2N dR E K R dR Q R R dR CONH2 65 14 H2N dR K E R dR Q R R dR CONH2 66 15 H2N dR K K E dR Q R R dR CONH2 67 16 H2N dR K K R dR E R R dR CONH2 68 17 H2N dR K K R dR Q E R dR CONH2 69 18 H2N dR K K R dR Q R E dR CONH2 70 19 H2N dR F K R dR Q R R dR CONH2 71 20 H2N dR K F R dR Q R R dR CONH2 72 21 H2N dR K K F dR Q R R dR CONH2 73 22 H2N dR K K R dR F R R dR CONH2 74 23 H2N dR K K R dR Q F R dR CONH2 75 24 H2N dR K K R dR Q R F dR CONH2 76 25 H2N dR R K R dR Q R R dR CONH2 77 26 H2N dR K R R dR Q R R dR CONH2 78 27 H2N dR K K K dR Q R R dR CONH2 79 28 H2N dR K K R dR R R R dR CONH2 80 29 H2N dR K K R dR Q K R dR CONH2 81 30 H2N dR K K R dR Q R K dR CONH2 82 31 H2N dR H K R dR Q R R dR CONH2 83 32 H2N dR K H R dR Q R R dR CONH2 84 33 H2N dR K K H dR Q R R dR CONH2 85 34 H2N dR K K R dR H R R dR CONH2 86 35 H2N dR K K R dR Q H R dR CONH2 87 36 H2N dR K K R dR Q R H dR CONH2 88 37 H2N dR I K R dR Q R R dR CONH2 89 38 H2N dR K I R dR Q R R dR CONH2 90 39 H2N dR K K I dR Q R R dR CONH2 91 40 H2N dR K K R dR I R R dR CONH2 92 41 H2N dR K K R dR Q I R dR CONH2 93 42 H2N dR K K R dR Q R I dR CONH2 94 43 H2N dR L K R dR Q R R dR CONH2 45 44 (D-TAT) H2N dR dR dR dQ dR dR dK dK dR CONH2 47 45 (r3-L-TATi) H2N dR R R Q dR R K K dR CONH2 46 46 (r3-L-TAT) H2N dR K K R dR Q R R dR CONH2 43 47 (L-TAT) H2N R K K R R Q R R R CONH2 99 48 H2N dR K K R dR Q R L dR CONH2 100 49 H2N dR M K R dR Q R R dR CONH2 101 50 H2N dR K M R dR Q R R dR CONH2 102 51 H2N dR K K M dR Q R R dR CONH2 103 52 H2N dR K K R dR M R R dR CONH2 104 53 H2N dR K K R dR Q M R dR CONH2 105 54 H2N dR K K R dR Q R M dR CONH2 106 55 H2N dR N K R dR Q R R dR CONH2 107 56 H2N dR K N R dR Q R R dR CONH2 108 57 H2N dR K K N dR Q R R dR CONH2 109 58 H2N dR K K R dR N R R dR CONH2 110 59 H2N dR K K R dR Q N R dR CONH2 111 60 H2N dR K K R dR Q R N dR CONH2 112 61 H2N dR Q K R dR Q R R dR CONH2 113 62 H2N dR K Q R dR Q R R dR CONH2 114 63 H2N dR K K Q dR Q R R dR CONH2 115 64 H2N dR K K R dR K R R dR CONH2 116 65 H2N dR K K R dR Q Q R dR CONH2 117 66 H2N dR K K R dR Q R Q dR CONH2 118 67 H2N dR S K R dR Q R R dR CONH2 119 68 H2N dR K S R dR Q R R dR CONH2 120 69 H2N dR K K S dR Q R R dR CONH2 121 70 H2N dR K K R dR S R R dR CONH2 122 71 H2N dR K K R dR Q S R dR CONH2 123 72 H2N dR K K R dR Q R S dR CONH2 124 73 H2N dR T K R dR Q R R dR CONH2 125 74 H2N dR K T R dR Q R R dR CONH2 126 75 H2N dR K K T dR Q R R dR CONH2 127 76 H2N dR K K R dR T R R dR CONH2 128 77 H2N dR K K R dR Q T R dR CONH2 129 78 H2N dR K K R dR Q R T dR CONH2 130 79 H2N dR V K R dR Q R R dR CONH2 131 80 H2N dR K V R dR Q R R dR CONH2 132 81 H2N dR K K V dR Q R R dR CONH2 133 82 H2N dR K K R dR V R R dR CONH2 134 83 H2N dR K K R dR Q V R dR CONH2 135 84 H2N dR K K R dR Q R V dR CONH2 136 85 H2N dR W K R dR Q R R dR CONH2 137 86 H2N dR K W R dR Q R R dR CONH2 138 87 H2N dR K K W dR Q R R dR CONH2 139 88 H2N dR K K R dR W R R dR CONH2 140 89 H2N dR K K R dR Q W R dR CONH2 141 90 H2N dR K K R dR Q R W dR CONH2 142 91 H2N dR Y K R dR Q R R dR CONH2 143 92 H2N dR K Y R dR Q R R dR CONH2 144 93 H2N dR K K Y dR Q R R dR CONH2 145 94 H2N dR K K R dR Y R R dR CONH2 146 95 H2N dR K K R dR Q Y R dR CONH2 147 96 H2N dR K K R dR S R Y dR CONH2

In the above table D amino acids are indicated by a small “d” prior to the respective amino acid residue (e.g. dR=D-Arg).

For a few sequences synthesis failed in the first approach unfortunately due to technical reasons. These sequences are abbreviated in FIG. 6 as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 43, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, and 90. However, the remaining sequences were used in the internalization experiments.

The results are shown in FIG. 6.

As can be seen in FIG. 6, after 24 hours incubation, all transporters with the consensus sequence rXXXrXXXr (SEQ ID NO: 31) showed a higher internalization capability than the L-TAT transporter (SEQ ID NO: 43). Hela cells were incubated 24 hours in 96 well plate with 10 mM of the r3-L-TAT-derived transporters. The cells were then washed twice with an acidic buffer (0.2M Glycin, 0.15M NaCl, pH 3.0) and twice with PBS. Cells were broken by the addition of RIPA lysis buffer. The relative amount of internalized peptide was then determined by reading the fluorescence intensity (Fusion Alpha plate reader, PerkinElmer) of each extract followed by background subtraction

As can be seen in FIG. 6, one positions appears to be critical for highest transporter activity and for improved kinetics of transport activity: Y in position 2 (peptide No 91 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 142).

The conclusion of this experiment is as follows:

-   -   After 24 hours incubation, all transporters with the consensus         sequence rXXXrXXXr (SEQ ID NO: 31) (see Table 2 for a selection         of possible sequences) showed a higher internalization         capability than the L-TAT transporter (SEQ ID NO: 43) (FIG. 6).         Those results fully validate the consensus sequence rXXXrXXXr         (SEQ ID NO: 31).     -   One position is critical for highest transporter activity and         (FIG. 6): Y in position 2 (sequence 91 corresponding to SEQ ID         NO: 142).

Accordingly, such TAT derived sequences as shown in Table 4 are preferred, which exhibit a Y in position 2, particularly when the sequence exhibits 9 aa and has the consensus sequence rXXXrXXXr (SEQ ID NO: 31).

Example 4: Measurement of Cytokine and Chemokine Release

In the following the procedure will be set forth describing how the released amount of several human cytokines after ligand induced secretion from human cells (Blood, WBC, PBMC, purified primary lymphocytes, cell lines, . . . ) was measured.

The technique used is a Sandwich ELISA, which allows measuring the amount of antigen between two layers of antibodies (i.e. capture and detection antibody). The antigen to be measured must contain at least two antigenic sites capable of binding to antibody, since at least two antibodies act in the sandwich. Either monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies can be used as the capture and detection antibodies in Sandwich ELISA systems. Monoclonal antibodies recognize a single epitope that allows fine detection and quantification of small differences in antigen. A polyclonal is often used as the capture antibody to pull down as much of the antigen as possible. The advantage of Sandwich ELISA is that the sample does not have to be purified before analysis, and the assay can be very sensitive (up to 2 to 5 times more sensitive than direct or indirect).

The method may be used to determine the effect of the JNK inhibitors of the present invention in vitro/cell culture. At non toxic doses, compound efficacy is indicated by the decrease of the cytokine levels (the variation of optical density (absorbance at 450 nm)) as compared to non-treated samples and is monitored by ELISA. Results are express in ng/ml.

4.1 Material

-   -   96 well plate:         -   for collecting the supernatants (Ref 82.1581, Sarstedt)         -   for ELISA (F96 maxisorp, Ref 442404, Nunc)     -   TopSeal-A: 96 well microplate seals (Ref 600585, PerkinElmer).     -   ELISA reagent         -   Coating buffer ELISA: 0.1M NaCarbonate pH 9.5 (=7.13 g             NaHCO₃ (ref 71627, Fluka) +1.59 g Na₂CO₃ (ref 71345, Fluka)             in 1 litre H2O, pH to 9.5 with NaOH concentrated)         -   Wash buffer ELISA: PBS 1×+0.01% Tween20. Prepare 1 litre PBS             1× (PBS10×: ref 70011, GIBCO) and add 100 ul of Tween20 (ref             P1379, Sigma) slowly while mixing with magnetic agitator)         -   Assay diluent: PBS 1×+10% FBS (Ref A15-151, PAA,             decomplemented at 56° C., so min).         -   DAKO TMB (ref S1599, DAKO): commercial substrate solution         -   Stop Solution: 1M H₃PO₄ (→for 200 ml=177 ml H₂O+23 ml H₃PO₄             85% (ref 345245, Aldrich).     -   ELISA Kit (reagent for 20 plates)         -   IFN-γ: Human IFN-□ ELISA set, BD OptEIA™ (ref 555142, DB).         -   IL-1β: Human IL-1□ ELISA set II, BD OptEIA™ (ref 557953, BD)         -   IL-10: Human IL-10 ELISA set II, BD OptEIA™ (ref 555157,             DB).         -   IL-12: Human IL-12 (p70) ELISA set, BD OptEIA™ (ref 555183,             DB).         -   IL-15: Human IL-15 ELISA Set, BD OptEIA™ (ref 559268, DB).         -   IL-2: Human IL-2 ELISA set, BD OptEIA™ (ref 555190, DB).         -   IL-4: Human IL-4 ELISA set, BD OptEIA™ (ref 555194, DB).         -   IL-5: Human IL-5 ELISA set, BD OptEIA™ (ref 555202, DB).         -   IL6: Human IL-6 ELISA setI, BD OptEIA™ (ref 555220, DB).         -   IL-8: Human IL-8 ELISA set, BD OptEIA™ (ref 555244, DB).         -   MCP-1: Human MCP-1 ELISA set, BD OptEIA™ (ref 555179, BD)         -   TNF-α: Kit human TNF ELISA set, BD OptEIA™ (ref 555212, DB).     -   Absorbance reading: The absorbance was read on the Fusion Alpha         Plate reader (Perkin Elmer).     -   Repeating pipettes, digital pipettes or multichannel pipettes.

4.9 Method

Preparation of the Samples

-   -   The samples are culture medium supernatant from cultured human         cells (typically whole blood, WBC, PBMC, Purified subtype of         WBC, cancerous cell lines). Remove any particulate material by         centrifugation (400 g 5 min 4° C.) and assay immediately or         store samples at ≤−20° C. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.     -   One hour before using, defrost the samples on ice and centrifuge         them. At step 11, dilute the samples in assay diluent directly         into the plate (add first assay diluent, then the samples and         pipette up and down):

Preparation of Standard

-   -   After warming lyophilized standard to room temperature,         carefully open vial to avoid loss of material. Reconstitute         lyophilized standard with the proposed volume of deionized water         to yield a stock standard. Allow the standard to equilibrate for         at least 15 minutes before making dilutions. Vortex gently         to mix. After reconstitution, immediately aliquot standard stock         in polypropylene vials at 50 □l per vial and freeze at −20° C.         for up to 6 months. If necessary, store at 2-8° C. for up to 8         hours prior to aliquotting/freezing. Do not leave reconstituted         standard at room temperature.     -   Immediately before use, prepare a ten point standard curve using         2-fold serial dilutions in reagent Diluent. A high standard of         4000 μg/ml is recommended.

Preparation of Detector Mix

-   -   One-step incubation of Biotin/SAv reagents. Add required volume         of Detection Antibody to Assay Diluent. Within 15 minutes prior         to use, add required quantity of Enzyme Reagent, vortex or mix         well. For recommended dilutions, see lot-specific         Instruction/Analysis Certificate. Discard any remaining Working         Detector after use.

Coating with Capture Antibody

-   -   1. Coat the wells of a PVC microtiter plate with 100 □L per well         of Capture Antibody diluted in Coating Buffer. For recommended         antibody coating dilution, see lot-specific Instruction/Analysis         Certificate.     -   2. Cover the plate with an adhesive plastic and incubate         overnight at 4° C.     -   3. Remove the coating solution and wash the plate by filling the         wells with 150 □l wash buffer.     -   4. The solutions or washes are removed by flicking the plate         over a sink.     -   5. Repeat the process two times for a total of three washes.     -   6. After the last wash, remove any remaining wash buffer by         patting the plate on a paper towel.

Blocking

-   -   7. Block the remaining protein-binding sites in the coated wells         by adding 100 □l reagent Diluent per well.     -   8. Cover the plate with an adhesive plastic and incubate for 1 h         at room temperature.     -   9. During the incubation, start preparing the standard.

Adding Samples

-   -   10. Do one wash as in step S with 150 μl of wash buffer. The         plates are now ready for sample addition.     -   11. Add 50 □l of appropriately diluted samples in assay diluent         to each well. For accurate quantitative results, always compare         signal of unknown samples against those of a standard curve.         Standards (triplicates) and blank must be run with each cytokine         to ensure accuracy.     -   12. Cover the plate with an adhesive plastic and incubate for 4         h at room temperature.

Incubation with Detection Antibody and Secondary Antibody

-   -   13. Wash the plate four times with 15 μl wash buffer like step         3.     -   14. Add 50 μl of detector MIX (detection antibody+Secondary         Streptavidin-HRP antibody in assay diluent) to each well at         recommended dilutions (see lot-specific Instruction/Analysis         Certificate).     -   15. Cover the plate with an adhesive plastic and incubate for 1         h at room temperature light protect.     -   16. Wash the plate six times with 15 μl wash buffer as in step         3.     -   17. Add 50 □l DAKO TMB solution to each well, incubate for 15-20         min at room temperature, in the dark, not sealed.     -   18. Add 50 □l of stop solution to each well. Gently tap the         plate to ensure thorough mixing.     -   19. Mix the plate 5 min at 500 rpm on a plate mixer.     -   20. Read the optical density at 450 nm. (Program: Cytokine_ELISA         on Fusion Alpha Plate reader).

Data Analysis

Average the triplicate readings for each standard control and each sample. Subtract the average zero standard optical density (O.D). Create a standard curve plotting the log of the cytokine concentration versus the log of the O.D and the best fit line can be determined by regression analysis. If samples have been diluted, the concentration read from the standard curve must be multiplied by the dilution factor. A standard curve should be generated for each set of samples assayed. The outliers data were avoided using Grugg's test. Then the data which weren't in the interval of two times the SD, were discard. The independent experiments are taken into account if the positive control showed data as previously observed. The independent experiments are pooled (N>3).

The data are presented in pg/ml of cytokine release or in %, compared to the induced condition without inhibitor treatment.

Example 5: THP1 Differentiation—Stimulation for Cytokine Release

In the following the procedure will be set forth describing how cytokine production from human PMA differentiated THP1 cells challenged by LPS for 6 h was induced in order to test the ability of JNK inhibitors of the present invention, in particular of a JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 172, to reduce stimulation-induced cytokine release. THP1 cells were stimulated ex-vivo by different ligands for the readout of cytokine release. At non toxic doses, JNK inhibitor efficacy is indicated by the decrease of the cytokine levels as compared to non-treated samples and is monitored by ELISA. The toxicity of the compound are evaluated by the reduction of a tretazolium salt (MTS) to formazan, giving a purple colour.

Procedure:

a. Material

-   -   Cell Line: THP-1 (Ref TIB-202, ATCC, lot 57731475)     -   Culture medium, reagent and plates     -   RPMI (Ref 21875-091, Invitrogen) complemented with:     -   10% FBS (Ref A15-151, PAA): decomplemented at 56° C., 30 min.     -   10 mM Hepes (Ref H0887, Sigma)     -   5 μM β-mercaptoethanol (Ref 63690, Fluka: stock at 14.3M): add         560l of 50 mM aliquots in PBS stocked at −20° C.)     -   1 mM Sodium Pyruvate (Ref S8636, Sigma)     -   Penicilline (100 unit/ml)/Streptomycine (100 μg/ml) (Ref P4333,         Sigma)     -   The RPMI medium is then filtrated with a 0.22 μM filter         (RefSCGPU05RE, Millipore).     -   PBS 10× (Ref 70011, Invitrogen): diluted to 1× with sterile H₂O     -   DMSO: Ref 41444, Fluka     -   EMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, Ref P1585, Sigma,         concentration 1 mM=616.8 ug/ml in DMSO at −20° C.). Use directly         at a final concentration of 100 nM in RPMI (1 ul in 10 ml of         medium).     -   LPS ultrapure (Lipopolysaccharide, Ref tlrl-eklps, Invivogen,         concentration 5 mg/ml): Stock solution of LPS: 3 μg/ml in PBS at         4° C. Use directly to prepare a 4× concentrated solution of 40         ng/ml in RPMI medium (min 1800 μl/plate; for 5 plates: 125 μl of         LPS 3 μg/ml+9250 μl RPMI).     -   96 well plate:     -   for adherent cell culture (Ref 167008, Nunc)     -   for collecting the supernatants (Ref 82.1581, Sarstedt)     -   for ELISA (F96 maxisorp, Ref 442404, Nunc)     -   Coating solutions: poly-D-lysine (Ref P9011, Sigma): 25 μg/ml         final diluted in PBS 1x     -   ELISA reagent and kits     -   Coating buffer ELISA: 0.1M NaCarbonate pH 9.5 (=7.13 g NaHCO₃         (ref71627, Fluka)+1.59 g Na₂CO₃ (ref 71345, Fluka) in 1 liter         H2O, pH to 9.5 with NaOH concentrated)     -   Wash buffer ELISA: PBS 1X+0.01% Tween20 (ref P1379, Sigma, lot         094K0052X=prepare 1 liter PBS 1× and add 100 ul of Tween20         slowly while mixing with magnetic agitator)     -   Assay diluent: PBS 1×+01% FBS (Ref A15-151, PAA, decomplemented         at 56° C., 30 min).     -   DAKO TMB (ref S1599, DAKO): commercial substrate solution     -   Stop Solution: 1M H₃PO₄ (→for 200 ml=177 ml H₂O+23 ml H₃PO₄ 85%         (ref 345245, Aldrich).     -   TNF-α: Kit human TNF ELISA set, BD OptEIA (ref 555212, DB).     -   Cytotoxicity measurement: CellTiter 96 reagent (ref G3581,         Promega)     -   Control compound: SP600125 (ref ALX-270-39-M025, Alexis,         concentration: 20 mM DMSO)     -   Absorbance reading: The absorbance was read on the Fusion Alpha         Plate reader (Perkin Elmer).     -   Repeating pipettes, digital pipettes or multichannel pipettes.     -   TopSeal-A: 96 well microplate seals (Ref 600585, PerkinElmer).

b. Method

Well Coating

The plates had been coated with 200 μl of poly D-Lysine (1×) and incubated 2 hours at 37° C., CO₂ 5% and 100% relative humidity.

Cell Plating

After 2 hours the wells were washed twice with 200 μl PBS 1× (use immediately or leave with 200 □l of PBS 1× at 37° C. till use, but no more than 3 days).

The cells were counted. The desired number of cells was taken and resuspended in the amount of media necessary to get a dilution of 1,000,000 cells/ml. 100 nM of PMA was added to induce the differentiation of the THP1 from suspension monocytes to adherent macrophages. The cells were plated into the wells in 100 μl medium at plating densities of 100,000 cells/well. After inoculation, the plates were incubated at 37° C., 5% CO2 and 100% relative humidity 3 days to let them differentiate, prior to the addition of experimental drugs.

Cell Treatment

After 3 days, the adherent cells were observed with the microscope. The media containing PMA was aspirated and replaced by 100 μl of fresh RPMI media without PMA (no washing step with PBS 1×).

Experimental drug were prepared at the concentration of 10 mM in H₂O or DMSO and stored at −80° C. Prior to each daily use, one aliquot of JNK inhibitor was defrosted and diluted to reach a 4× concentrated solution (120 μM) in RPMI medium and then to the desired concentration in RPMI. The SP600125 was diluted to reach a 4× concentrated solution (40 μM) in RPMI medium and then to the desired concentration in RPMI containing 0.8% DMSO.

The plates were treated with 50 μl of medium or a solution of 4× the final desired drug concentration (0, 100 nM, 1, , 10 or 30 μM final for JNK compound or at 0, 10, 100 nM, 1, 3 or 10 μM final for the SP600125 positive control). Following drug addition, the plates were incubated for an additional 1 h at 37° C., 5% CO₂ and 100% relative humidity.

After 1 hour, the secretion of TNFα was induced by the addition of 50 μl of a 4× concentrated dilution of LPS ultrapure (3 ng/ml final).

Assay

After 6 hours, 100 μl of the supernatant were transferred to new 96 well plates. Those plates were sealed and stored at −20° till the analysis by ELISA (e.g. see example 4) of the secretion of the cytokines.

The cytotoxic effect of the compounds was evaluated by MTS absorbance (e.g. see example 4) and cells were observed using an inverted microscope (Axiovert 40 CFL; Zeiss; 10×).

Data Analysis

Analyses of the data are performed as indicated in the ELISA (see example 4). Briefly, for ELISA: Average the triplicate readings for each standard control and each sample. Subtract the average zero standard optical density (O.D). Create a standard curve plotting the log of the cytokine concentration versus the log of the O.D and the best fit line can be determined by regression analysis. If samples have been diluted, the concentration read from the standard curve must be multiplied by the dilution factor. A standard curve should be generated for each set of samples assayed. The outliers data were avoid using Grugg's test. Then the data which weren't in the interval of two times the SD, were discard. The independent experiments are taken into account if the positive control showed data as previously observed. The independent experiments are pooled (N>3).

For the Cytotoxicity effect evaluation: on each plate of each independent experiment taken into account for the cytokine release experiment analysis, the average of the absorbance of the medium alone was considerate as the background and subtracted to each absorbance value. The average of triplicate of the non treated cells of each compound was considerate as the 100% viability. The average of triplicate of each compound was normalized by its 100%. The outliers data were avoid using Grugg's test. Then the data which weren't in the interval of two times the SD, were discard. The independent experiments are pooled (N>3).

All statistical comparisons of conditions were performed by the GraphPad Prism4 software with the following test: One way ANOVA test followed by a Tukey's Multiple Comparison Test. P<0.05 was considerate as significant.

Example 6: JNK Inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 172 and TNFα Release in Primary Rat or Human Whole Blood Cells

Whole blood is collected from anesthetized rat or human healthy volunteers using a venipuncture connected to a pre-labeled vacuum tube containing sodium citrate. Tubes are gently mixed by inversion 7-8 times; and are then kept at RT until stimulation. JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 172_is prepared 6 times concentrated in PBS, and 30 μl/well of mix is added into 96-well plate. Whole blood is diluted by 1:2 in PBS and 120 μl of diluted blood is added in each well where either PBS alone or JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 172 has been previously added. Whole blood is incubated at 37° C.; 85 rpm (Stuart Orbital incubator SI500) for 60 min. Activators (LPS) are the prepared, 30 μl/well of LPS, 6 times concentrated. After 60 min incubation, LPS is added to the blood, blood is mixed by pipetting up and down, and then kept for 4 h under agitation (85 rpm), at 37° C. After the 4 h incubation, the plates are centrifuged at about 770 g, 4° C. for 15 min in a pre-cooled centrifuge. Supernatants are finally collected and kept at −20° C. until cytokine measurement. Cytokine (IL-6, IL-2, IFNγ and TNFα) were then measured using standard Elisa kits (e.g. from R&D Systems: DuoSet Elisas; or from BD Biosciences: BD Opteia Set Elisa). Results are expressed as pg/ml of supernatant of the measured cytokine.

A similar experiment was conducted with PMA+ionomycin instead of LPS as activator/stimulant.

Example 7: Half-Life of Specific JNK Inhibitors Disclosed Herein

The JNK inhibitors with the sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 196, 197, and 172 (0.1 mM final concentration) were digested in human serum (10 and 50% in PBS 1×). The experiment was performed as described by Tugyi et al. (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2005, 413-418). The remaining intact peptide was quantified by UPLC-MS. Stability was assessed for SEQ ID NOs: 196, 197, and 172 identically but in two separate assays. While the JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 196 was totally degraded into amino acids residues within 6 hours, the JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 172 was completely degraded only after 14 days. The JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 197 was still stable after 30 days.

Example 8: Dose-Dependent Inhibition by JNK Inhibitor with Sequence of SEQ ID NO: 172 of CD3/CD28-Induced IL-2 Release in Rat Primary T-Cells

Control animal were sacrificed, lymph nodes (LN) were harvested and kept in complete RPMI medium. LN were smashed with complete RPMI on 70 μm filter using a 5 ml piston. A few drops of media were added to keep strainer wet. Cells were centrifuged for 7 min at 450 g and 4° C. Pellet was resuspended in 5 ml fresh medium. Cells were passed again through cell strainer. An aliquot of cells was counted, while cells were centrifuged again 10 min at 1400 rpm and 4° C. Cells were resupended in MACS buffer (80 μl of MACS buffer per 10⁷ cells). 10 μl of anti-rat MHC microbeads were added per 10 million cells, cells were incubated for 15 min at 4°-8° C. Cells were washed with 15 ml MACS buffer and centrifuge for 7 min at 700 g and 4° C. Pellet was resuspended in 500 μl MACS buffer per 10⁸ cells. One LS column was placed in the magnetic field of the MACS separator per animal. Column was first rinsed with 3 ml of MACS buffer. One tube was placed below the column in ice to collect cells=T cells (negative selection so we collect what is eluted). Cell suspension was added and elute was collected on ice. Column was washed 3 times with 3 mL MACS buffer. Eluted T cells were centrifuges for 7 min at 700 g and 4° C. Resuspended cells were counted and plated at density of 200000 cells/well in 100 μl of complete medium. Plates were pre-coated the day before experiment with 2 μg/mL of CD3 antibody, and the day of experiment plates were washed three times with PBS. Cells were treated with 100 μl of (poly-)peptide JNK inhibitor (SEQ ID NO: 172), two times concentrated for 1 h before ligand activation. After 1 h of pretreatment with (poly-)peptide JNK inhibitor (SEQ ID NO: 172), cells were then stimulated with 2 μg/mL of anti CD28 antibody for 24 h. After 24 h of stimulation, supernatant were collected and stored at −20° C. until analysis. Cytokines were then measured using standard Elisa kits. Results are expressed as pg/ml of supernatant of the measured cytokine.

In a further experiment, essentially the same protocol as set forth above was used, but in addition to the (poly-)peptide JNK inhibitors with SEQ ID NO: 172, JNK inhibitors with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 197 and the drug molecule SP600125 were also tested thus allowing to compare the effects of these inhibitors on the inhibition of CD3/CD28-induced IL-2 release.

Example 9: JNK Inhibitor and TNFα/IL-2 Release in Human Whole Blood

Whole blood from human healthy volunteers was collected using a venipuncture connected to a pre-labeled vacuum tube containing sodium citrate. Tubes are gently mixed by inversion 7-8 times; and are then kept at RT until stimulation. 350 μl of RPMI+P/S were added into 1.2 ml-96-well plate. 10 times concentrated of SEQ ID NO: 172 was prepared in RPMI+P/S (50 μl per well). 50 μl was added into 1.2 ml-96 well plates. 50 μl of whole blood was then added in each well where either medium alone or JNK inhibitor has been previously added. Whole blood was incubated at 7° C., 5% CO2 for 60 min. 50 μl/well of ligands diluted in RPMI+P/S was prepared, corresponding to the final dilution 10 times concentrated. After 60 min of incubation, ligand was added; wells were then mixed by pipetting up and down the blood. Whole blood was incubated for 3 days at 37° C. (wells were mixed by pipetting each well up and down once per day). At the end of incubation, plates were mixed and then centrifuged at 2500 rpm, 4° C. for 15 min in a pre-cooled centrifuge. Cytokine were then measured using standard Elisa kits. Results are expressed as pg/ml of supernatant of the measured cytokine.

A similar experiment was carried out with slight modifications. In the case of CD3/CD8 stimulation, CD3 antibody was coated at 2 μg/mL in PBS overnight at 4° C. The day of experiment, wells were washed three times with PBS and left in PBS until use at 37° C. CD28 antibody was added 1 h after SEQ ID NO: 172 at final concentration of 2 μg/mL; supernatants were collected after 3 days of stimulation.

Example 10: Anti-Inflammatory Potency in a Rat Model of Endotoxins Induced Uveitis (EIU)

The anti-inflammatory potency of the JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 172 was tested in albino rats following intravenous administration (EIU/LPS model). The aim of this study was to determine the effects of single intravenous injections of SEQ ID NO: 172 (0.015, 0.18, and 1.80 mg/kg) on the inflammatory response in an endotoxins-induced uveitis albino rat model and to compare these affects to those obtained with prior art JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 197 (2 mg/kg). As a further control served phosphate sodic dexamethasone.

Sixty (60) male Lewis rats were randomly divided into six (6) groups of ten (10) animals each. EIU was induced by footpad injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 mg/kg). NaCl (0.9%), SEQ ID NO: 197 at 2 mg/kg and SEQ ID NO: 172 at three concentrations (1.80 mg/kg, 0.18 mg/kg and 0.015 mg/kg) were administered by intravenous injection. Phosphate sodic dexamethasone (20 □g/eye) was administered by sub-conjunctival injection in both eyes. 24 hours after LPS injection, inflammatory response was evaluated by clinical scoring.

The intensity of clinical ocular inflammation was scored on a scale from 0 to 4 for each eye:

Grade 0 no inflammation Grade 1 slight iris and conjunctival vasodilation Grade 2 moderate iris and conjunctival vasodilation with flare Grade 3 intense iris and conjunctival vasodilation with flare Grade 4 intense inflammatory reaction (+1) fibrin formation and seclusion of pupils

Twenty-four hours after LPS induction, clinical scores for the vehicle-treated rats were 3.6±0.2 (mean±SEM, n=20) with a median of 4 (range, 2-5). A significant reduction (p<0.001) in the severity of the ocular inflammation was detected 24 hours after induction and intravenous treatment with SEQ ID NO: 197 (2 mg/kg) (mean score: 2.2±0.3, median: 2), corresponding to a 40% decrease of EIU scores compared with the score observed in vehicle group. Intravenous treatment with SEQ ID NO: 172, at approximately the same dose (1.80 mg/kg) reduced also significantly the severity of the ocular inflammation by 42% (mean score: 2.1±0.3, median: 2, p=0.001). The lower doses (0.18 and 0.015 mg/kg) reduced by 33% (mean score: 2.4±0.3, median: 2) and 36% (mean score: 2.3±0.3, median: 2) the inflammation, respectively. The reduction was significant with p<0.001.

A sub-conjunctival treatment with dexamethasone (20 □g/eye), used as positive control drug also significantly reduced the clinical scores by 79% (mean score: 0.8±0.2, median: 0.5, p<0.001).

Under these experimental conditions, it can be stated that a single intravenous injection of SEQ ID NO: 197 at 2 mg/kg partially prevented the endotoxin-induced inflammation observed in the anterior chamber. In comparison, SEQ ID NO: 172 intravenously injected at 0.015, 0.18, 1.80 mg/kg also reduced the endotoxin-induced inflammation in the anterior chamber.

Example 11: Dose-Responsive Effects after Intravenous Administration of JNK Inhibitor after 14 Days in a Rat Model of Chronic Established Type II Collagen Arthritis

Rat collagen arthritis is an experimental model of polyarthritis that has been widely used for preclinical testing of numerous anti-arthritic agents that are either under preclinical or clinical investigation or are currently used as therapeutics in this disease. The hallmarks of this model are reliable onset and progression of robust, easily measurable polyarticular inflammation, marked cartilage destruction in association with pannus formation, and mild to moderate bone resorption and periosteal bone proliferation.

Intravenous (IV) efficacy of the JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 172 administered daily (QD) for 14 days (arthritis d1-14) for inhibition of the inflammation (paw swelling), cartilage destruction, and bone resorption that occurs in established type II collagen arthritis in rats was determined in said experimental model.

Animals (8/group for arthritis) were anesthetized with Isoflurane and injected with 300 □l of Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant (Difco, Detroit, Mich.) containing 2 mg/ml bovine type II collagen (Elastin Products, Owensville, Missouri) at the base of the tail and 2 sites on the back on days 0 and 6. On day 10 of the study (arthritis do), onset of arthritis occurred and rats were randomized into treatment groups. Randomization into each group was done after ankle joint swelling was obviously established in at least one hind paw.

Female Lewis rats with established type II collagen arthritis were treated daily (QD) on arthritis days 1-14 by the intravenous (IV) route with vehicle (NaCl), SEQ ID NO: 172 (0.01, 0.1, 1, or 5 mg/kg), or the reference compound dexamethasone (Dex, 0.05 mg/kg). Animals were terminated on arthritis day 14. Efficacy evaluation was based on animal body weights, daily ankle caliper measurements, ankle diameter expressed as area under the curve (AUC), terminal hind paw weights, and histopathologic evaluation of ankles and knees of selected groups.

Scoring of Joints Collagen arthritic ankles and knees are given scores of 0-5 for inflammation, pannus formation and bone resorption according to the following criteria:

Knee and/or Ankle Inflammation

0 Normal 0.5 Minimal focal inflammation 1 Minimal infiltration of inflammatory cells in synovium/periarticular tissue 2 Mild infiltration 3 Moderate infiltration with moderate edema 4 Marked infiltration with marked edema 5 Severe infiltration with severe edema

Ankle Pannus

0 Normal 0.5 Minimal infiltration of pannus in cartilage and subchondral bone, affects only marginal zones and affects only a few joints 1 Minimal infiltration of pannus in cartilage and subchondral bone, primarily affects marginal zones 2 Mild infiltration (<¼ of tibia or tarsals at marginal zones) 3 Moderate infiltration (¼ to ⅓ of tibia or small tarsals affected at marginal zones) 4 Marked infiltration (½ to ¾ of tibia or tarsals affected at marginal zones) 5 Severe infiltration (>¾ of tibia or tarsals affected at marginal zones, severe distortion of overall architecture)

Knee Pannus

0 Normal 0.5 Minimal infiltration of pannus in cartilage and subchondral bone, affects only marginal zones and affects only a few joints 1 Minimal infiltration of pannus in cartilage and subchondral bone, approximately 1-10% of cartilage surface or subchondral bone affected 2 Mild infiltration (extends over up to ¼ of surface or subchondral area of tibia or femur), approximately 11-25% of cartilage surface or subchondral bone affected 3 Moderate infiltration (extends over >¼ but <½ of surface or subchondral area of tibia or femur) approximately 26-50% of cartilage surface or subchondral bone affected 4 Marked infiltration (extends over ½ to ¾ of tibial or femoral surface) approximately 51-75% of cartilage surface or subchondral bone affected 5 Severe infiltration approximately 76-100% of cartilage surface or subchondral bone affected

Ankle Cartilage Damage (Emphasis on Small Tarsals)

0 Normal 0.5 Minimal decrease in T blue staining, affects only marginal zones and affects only a few joints 1 Minimal = minimal to mild loss of toluidine blue staining with no obvious chondrocyte loss or collagen disruption 2 Mild = mild loss of toluidine blue staining with focal mild (superficial) chondrocyte loss and/or collagen disruption 3 Moderate = moderate loss of toluidine blue staining with multifocal moderate (depth to middle zone) chondrocyte loss and/or collagen disruption, smaller tarsals affected to ½ to ¾ depth with rare areas of full thickness loss 4 Marked = marked loss of toluidine blue staining with multifocal marked (depth to deep zone) chondrocyte loss and/or collagen disruption, 1 or 2 small tarsals surfaces have full thickness loss of cartilage 5 Severe = severe diffuse loss of toluidine blue staining with multifocal severe (depth to tide mark) chondrocyte loss and/or collagen disruption affecting more than 2 cartilage surfaces

Knee Cartilage Damage

0 Normal 0.5 Minimal decrease in T blue staining, affects only marginal zones 1 Minimal = minimal to mild loss of toluidine blue staining with no obvious chondrocyte loss or collagen disruption 2 Mild = mild loss of toluidine blue staining with focal mild (superficial) chondrocyte loss and/or collagen disruption, may have few small areas of 50% depth of cartilage affected 3 Moderate = moderate loss of toluidine blue staining with multifocal to diffuse moderate (depth to middle zone) chondrocyte loss and/or collagen disruption, may have 1-2 small areas of full thickness loss affecting less than ¼ of the total width of a surface and not more than 25% of the total width of all surfaces 4 Marked = marked loss of toluidine blue staining with multifocal to diffuse marked (depth to deep zone) chondrocyte loss and/or collagen disruption or 1 surface with near total loss and partial loss on others, total overall loss less than 50% of width of all surfaces combined 5 Severe = severe diffuse loss of toluidine blue staining with multifocal severe (depth to tide mark) chondrocyte loss and/or collagen disruption on both femurs and/or tibias, total overall loss greater than 50% of width of all surfaces combined

Ankle Bone Resorption

0 Normal 0.5 Minimal resorption affects only marginal zones and affects only a few joints 1 Minimal = small areas of resorption, not readily apparent on low magnification, rare osteoclasts 2 Mild = more numerous areas of resorption, not readily apparent on low magnification, osteoclasts more numerous, <¼ of tibia or tarsals at marginal zones resorbed □ 3 Moderate = obvious resorption of medullary trabecular and cortical bone without full thickness defects in cortex, loss of some medullary trabeculae, lesion apparent on low magnification, osteoclasts more numerous, ¼ to ⅓ of tibia or tarsals affected at marginal zones 4 Marked = Full thickness defects in cortical bone, often with distortion of profile of remaining cortical surface, marked loss of medullary bone, numerous osteoclasts, ½ to ¾ of tibia or tarsals affected at marginal zones 5 Severe = Full thickness defects in cortical bone, often with distortion of profile of remaining cortical surface, marked loss of medullary bone, numerous osteoclasts, >¾ of tibia or tarsals affected at marginal zones, severe distortion of overall architecture

Knee Bone Resorption

0 Normal 0.5 Minimal resorption affects only marginal zones 1 Minimal = small areas of resorption, not readily apparent on low magnification, approximately 1-10% of total joint width of subchondral bone affected 2 Mild = more numerous areas of resorption, definite loss of subchondral bone, approximately 11-25% of total joint width of subchondral bone affected 3 Moderate = obvious resorption of subchondral bone approximately 26-50% of total joint width of subchondral bone affected 4 Marked = obvious resorption of subchondral bone approximately 51-75% of total joint width of subchondral bone affected 5 Severe = distortion of entire joint due to destruction approximately 76-100% of total joint width of subchondral bone affected

Results:

Disease severity in the disease control group increased from days 1 to 5 with day 4-5 having the greatest daily increase. Then the incremental increases were smaller to the peak at day 7. From that point forward, acute swelling generally decreased and caliper measures were decreased. The treatment groups followed this general pattern as well.

Body weight loss was observed in all disease groups whereas the normal control group had a weight increase. Body weight loss was significantly (25%, p<0.05 by ANOVA) inhibited for rats treated with 5 mg/kg SEQ ID NO: 172 as compared to vehicle treated disease controls. When compared to disease controls using a Student's t-test, inhibition of body weight loss was also significant for rats treated with 1 mg/kg SEQ ID NO: 172 (21%, p<0.05) or Dex (21%, p<0.05). Results of treatment with SEQ ID NO: 172 were dose responsive for this parameter.

Daily ankle diameter measurements were significantly (p<0.05 by 2-way RM ANOVA) reduced toward normal for rats treated with 5 mg/kg SEQ ID NO: 172 (p<0.05 days 4-12) or Dex (p<0.05 ds-14) as compared to disease controls.

Ankle diameter AUC was significantly (p<0.05 by ANOVA) reduced toward normal for rats treated with 5 mg/kg SEQ ID NO: 172 (43% reduction), 1 mg/kg SEQ ID NO: 172 (27%), or Dex (97%) as compared to disease controls. Results of treatment with SEQ ID NO: 172 were dose responsive for this parameter.

Final paw weights were significantly (p<0.05 by ANOVA) reduced toward normal for rats treated with 5 mg/kg SEQ ID NO: 172 (26% reduction) or Dex (114%) as compared to disease controls. Results of treatment with SEQ ID NO: 172 were dose responsive for this parameter.

Relative liver weights were not significantly (by ANOVA) affected for rats in any treatment group as compared to disease controls.

Spleen weights relative to body weight were significantly (p<0.05 by ANOVA) reduced for rats treated with Dex as compared to disease controls. Relative spleen weights for Dex treated rats were also significantly reduced as compared to normal controls. Relative spleen weights were not significantly affected for rats treated with SEQ ID NO: 172.

Thymus weights relative to body weight were significantly (p<0.05 by ANOVA) reduced for rats treated with Dex as compared to disease controls. Relative thymus weights for Dex treated rats were also significantly reduced as compared to normal controls. Relative thymus weights were not significantly affected for rats treated with SEQ ID NO: 172.

All ankle histopathology parameters were significantly (by Mann-Whitney U test) reduced toward normal for rats treated with 5 mg/kg SEQ ID NO: 172 (25% reduction of summed scores) as compared to disease controls.

All knee histopathology parameters were significantly (by Mann-Whitney U test) reduced toward normal for rats treated with 5 mg/kg SEQ ID NO: 172 (73% reduction of summed scores) as compared to disease controls.

Results of this study indicated that daily intravenous treatment with SEQ ID NO: 172 (5 mg/kg) had significant beneficial effect on the clinical and histopathology parameters associated with established type II collagen arthritis in rats. Treatment with SEQ ID NO: 172 (1 mg/kg) resulted in significantly reduced ankle diameter AUC. The beneficial effect on ankle diameter was observed up to day 12 despite the reduction of swelling after day 7 in disease control animals. Results of treatment with SEQ ID NO: 172 were dose responsive.

Treatment with SEQ ID NO: 172 had no adverse effect on organ weights unlike dexamethasone.

Example 12: Effect of the all-D-Retro-Inverso JNK-Inhibitor (Poly-)Peptide of SEQ ID NO: 197 and the JNK Inhibitor (Poly-)Peptide of SEQ ID NO: 172 at Three Doses in a Scopolamine-Induced Model of Dry Eye in Mice

Study Concept

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of two different compounds, the all-D-retro-inverso JNK-inhibitor (poly-)peptide of SEQ ID NO: 197 and the JNK inhibitor (poly-)peptide of SEQ ID NO: 172, at three dose levels in a mouse model of scopolamine-induced dry eye.

The peptides of SEQ ID NO: 197 and SEQ ID NO: 172 were tested for efficacy in this murine model of dry eye. The peptides were both tested at a low, medium and a high dose. For the peptide of SEQ ID NO: 197 the concentrations measured in the formulation samples for low, medium and high dose levels were 0.06% (w/v), 0.25% (w/v) and 0.6% (w/v), respectively, and for SEQ ID NO: 172 the concentrations measured in the formulation samples for the low, medium and high dose levels, were 0.05% (w/v), 0.2% (w/v) and 0.6% (w/v), respectively. The vehicle, which also served as the negative control, was 0.9% Sodium Chloride for Injection USP.

The study consisted of a total of 9 groups of female C57BL/6 mice, comprising 8 groups of 12 mice each and an additional group of 4 mice. Bilateral short-term dry eye was induced by a combination of scopolamine hydrobromide (Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St. Louis, Mo.) injection (subcutaneous (SC), four times daily, 0.5 mg/dose, Days 0-21) and by exposing mice to the drying environment of constant air draft. Starting on Day 1, mice of Groups 1-8 were treated three times daily (TID) for 21 days with bilateral topical ocular (oculus uterque; OU) administration (5 μL/eye/dose) of vehicle (0.9% sterile saline; negative control article); the peptide of SEQ ID NO: 197 (0.06%, 0.25% and 0.6%), the peptide of SEQ ID NO: 172 (0.05%, 0.2% and 0.6%); or cyclosporine (0.05%; positive control, an immunosuppressant drug used to reduce the activity of the immune system). Mice of Group 9 were maintained as un-induced, (no dry eye) untreated controls.

During the in-life (treatment) period, clinical observations were recorded once daily; slit-lamp examination (SLE) with corneal fluorescein staining, tear break-up time test (TBUT), and phenol red thread test (PRTT) were performed three times per week. Necropsies were performed on Day 22; eyes, eye lids, conjunctivae, and lacrimal glands were collected from both eyes of each animal. Tissues from the right eyes (oculus dexter, OD) were fixed and then evaluated microscopically. Tissues from the left eyes (oculus sinister, OS) were flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored frozen at −80° C. for possible subsequent analyses.

TABLE 5 Experimental Design Number Induction of Treatment of Dry Eye (TID, OU, animals (QID, SC) 5 μL/eye) Group (females) Days 0 to 21 Days 1 to 21 1 12 Scopolamine Vehicle 2 12 (200 μL of 2.5 SEQ ID NO: 197 mg/mL sol., (0.06%) 3 12 0.5 mg/dose) SEQ ID NO: 197 (0.25%) 4 12 SEQ ID NO: 197 (0.6%) 5 12 SEQ ID NO: 172 (0.05%) 6 12 SEQ ID NO: 172 (0.2%) 7 12 SEQ ID NO: 172 (0.6%) 8 12 Restasis ®* (0.05%) 9 4 No dry eye No treatment induction *Cyclosporine

Methods

1. Dose Preparation

The (poly-)peptide of SEQ ID NO: 197 was obtained from Polypeptide Laboratories (France) as a 1.5-mL clear plastic microfuge vial containing 300.65 mg of dry powder.

The (poly-)peptide of SEQ ID NO: 172 was obtained from Polypeptide Laboratories (France) as a 1.5-mL clear plastic microfuge vial containing 302.7 mg of dry powder.

Prior to the start of the study, the (poly-)peptides of SEQ ID NO: 172 and of SEQ ID NO: 197 were formulated in sterile saline (vehicle). Dosing solutions at each concentration were sterilized using 0.2-μm filters, aliquoted to multiple pre-labeled vials, and frozen at −20° C. The concentrations measured in the formulation samples for the peptide of SEQ ID NO: 197 were 0.058%, 0.25% and 0.624%, rounded to 0.06%, 0.25% and 0.6%. The concentrations measured in the formulation samples for the peptide of SEQ ID NO: 172 were 0.053%, 0.217% and 0.562%, rounded to 0.05, 0.2% and 0.6%.

On each day of dosing, one set of dosing solutions was thawed and used for that day's dose administrations. The controls (vehicle, cyclosporine) were provided ready to dose; no dose preparation was necessary.

4. Slit-Lamp Examinations (SLE)

Prior to entry into the study, each animal underwent a SLE and indirect ophthalmic examination using topically-applied fluorescein. Ocular findings were recorded using the Draize scale ocular scoring. SLE and Draize scoring were repeated three times a week during the in-life period.

3. Tear Break-Up Time (TBUT) Test and Subsequent Corneal Examination

The TBUT test was conducted three times weekly by measuring the time elapsed in seconds between a complete blink after application of fluorescein to the cornea and the appearance of the first random dry spot in the tear film. To perform the TBUT, 0.1% liquid sodium fluorescein was dropped into the conjunctival sac, the eyelids were manually closed three times and then held open revealing a continuous fluorescein-containing tear film covering the cornea, and the time (in seconds) required for the film to break (appearance of a dry spot or streak) was recorded. At least ninety seconds later, corneal epithelial damage was graded using a slit-lamp with a cobalt blue filter after another drop of 0.1% fluorescein was reapplied to the cornea; the cornea then was scored per the Draize ocular scale.

4. Phenol Red Thread Tear Test (PRTT)

Tear production was measured three times a week in both eyes using PRTT test strips (Zone-Quick; Menicon, Nagoya, Japan). Prior to the first treatment of the day, a thread was applied to the lateral canthus of the conjunctival fornix of each eye for so seconds under slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Tear migration up the tread (i.e., the length of the wetted cotton thread) was measured using a millimeter scale.

5. Necropsy and Pathology

At necropsy on Day 22, both eyes from each animal, including the globes, lacrimal glands, eyelids, and conjunctivae, were excised. The right eye and associated tissues were fixed by overnight submersion in modified Davidson's solution followed by transfer to 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF). The fixed tissues of the right eye were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 3 to 5-μm thicknesses, and slide-mounted tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E). Stained slides were evaluated via light microscopy. Detailed and complete histopathologic assessment was conducted on all parts of the eye, with at least two section levels being examined histopathologically for each right eye. Special attention was paid to the cornea, epithelia (including goblet cells) of the conjunctiva and cornea, as well as the lacrimal gland. These tissues were scored for injury based upon a 0-4 scale, with 0 being normal, 1 being minimal, 2 being mild, 3 being moderate, and 4 being severe. For each cornea, scores were based on corneal epithelium thickness, and corneal inflammation. Conjunctivae were scored for erosion and inflammation as well as presence or absence of goblet cells.

Results

Four-times daily SC administration of scopolamine (0.5 mg/dose) induced a dry eye syndrome in female C57BL/6 mice characterized by a decrease in the volume of aqueous tear production and changes in the physiochemical properties of the tears rendering them less capable of maintaining a stable tear film able to effectively lubricate and protect the eye.

1. Tear Break-Up Time (TBUT) Teat and Corneal Examination

The tear break-up time tests (TBUTs) were performed prior to the induction of dry eye, and again on Days 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 18 and 21 after dry eye induction. After initiation of dosing with scopolamine (dry eye induction) TBUT mean values began to decrease in all animals, but appeared to decrease more slowly in Group 6 (mid-dose of SEQ ID NO: 172). The TBUT mean nadir for Groups 5, 6, 7 (low, mid and high-dose of the peptide of SEQ ID NO: 172), and Group 8 (cyclosporine) occurred on Day 7, reaching similar values (6.6±0.4, 6.7±0.4, 6.7±0.3, and 6.4±0.4 s, respectively). Subsequently, the TBUT means of these groups increased to a peak on Day 9. Groups 6 and 7 (SEQ ID NO: 172 mid and high-dose groups) TBUT means rose to higher values (10.0±0.7 s and 9.9±0.8 s, respectively) than Group 8, the cyclosporine group (8.5±0.3 s), while the peak TBUT mean of Group 5, the low-dose of SEQ ID NO: 172 (8.0±0.4 s) was slightly below that of Group 8 (cyclosporine). TBUT means for the mid and high-dose of SEQ ID NO: 197-treated animals, Groups 3 and 4, continued to decline after onset of dosing, reaching a nadir on Day 9, while the low-dose Group 2 increased on Day 9. The low, medium and high-dose TBUT means of SEQ ID NO: 172-treated animals (Groups 2, 3 and 4, respectively) were above the vehicle group and generally below the low, mid and high-dose group means of SEQ ID NO: 172-treated animals.

When the area under the curve (AUC) for TBUT values from Day 7 to Day 21 was used to compare the various treatments with the vehicle control, treatment with mid, low and high-dose of the peptide of SEQ ID NO: 172 (0.05%, 0.2% and 0.6%, respectively), Groups 5, 6, and 7, as well as animals treated with cyclosporine (0.05%), Group 8, showed significant increases in the TBUT AUC (Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric ANOVA). The peptide of SEQ ID NO: 172 appeared to produce a dose-dependent increase in TBUT, with the mid and high-doses often producing similar effects. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in TBUT AUC between the cyclosporine-treated group, the groups treated with three dose levels of SEQ ID NO: 172 and the un-induced group (Groups 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9). This finding suggests that all three doses of the peptide of SEQ ID NO: 172 and cyclosporine were approximately equally effective in improving or reversing the ophthalmological changes that underlie the TBUT changes in this dry eye model.

Groups treated with low, mid and high dose levels of the peptide of SEQ ID NO: 197 (Groups 2-4) showed slight generally dose-dependent increases in TBUT which started to increase approximately two days later than animals treated with SEQ ID NO: 172 or cyclosporine.

TABLE 6 Mean Calculated TBUT AUC Values: TBUT Group AUC Group 1 71.19 Group 2 88.54 Group 3 91.19 Group 4 89.98 Group 5 102.98 Group 6 119.08 Group 7 119.31 Group 8 116.1 Group 9 124.54

4. Phenol Red Thread Tear Test (PRTT)

PRTT tests were performed prior to the induction of dry eye, and again on Days 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 18 and 21. PRTT values from Day 0 to Day 4 decreased in all mice that had dry eye induced, indicating a decrease in tear production after the administration of scopolamine and exposure to a drying environment of increased air draft created by the blowers. The nadir in PRTT in most groups occurred at approximately Day 7. PRTT kept decreasing in the vehicle control group (Group 1) reaching a nadir on Day 14. After the nadir, there was an increase in all dry eye groups. These findings indicate that initiation of scopolamine treatment one day earlier than initiation of compound treatment was sufficient to initiate physiological changes in the eye associated with dry eye syndrome. Even the cyclosporine-treated group showed a decrease in PRTT similar to other groups through approximately Day 7, then increased to a peak on Days 11-14, followed by a slight decrease. In the last PRTT test (Day 21) cyclosporine (Group 8), and Groups 6 and 7 all had similar PRTT values suggesting that both the mid and high-dose of the peptide of SEQ ID NO: 172 treatments have therapeutic effects similar to cyclosporine in increasing the aqueous tear production in this murine dry eye model.

Animals treated with the low, mid or high-dose of the peptide of SEQ ID NO: 172 produced significantly more aqueous tears compared to vehicle-treated animals. Thus, similar to TBUT, the peptide of SEQ ID NO: 172 produced generally dose-related significant increases in the production of aqueous tears in this model.

Groups treated with low, mid and high dose levels of the peptide of SEQ ID NO: 197 (0.06%, 0.25% and 0.6%, Groups 2, 3 and 4, respectively) showed generally dose-dependent increases in PRTT.

TABLE 7 Mean PRTT AUC Values PRTT Group AUC Group 1 35.02 Group 2 39.96 Group 3 42.79 Group 4 43.17 Group 5 44.38 Group 6 44.85 Group 7 46.10 Group 8 49.44 Group 9 113.63

3. Histopathology

In this study histologic changes were generally confined to the cornea. Findings in the cornea consisted of increased keratinization of the corneal epithelial surface, increased thickness of the corneal epithelium, increased cellularity of the corneal epithelium, mildly increased incidence of mitosis of the basal epithelial layer consistent with increased epithelial cell turnover. These findings are indicative of a physiologic adaptive response to corneal drying and corneal surface irritation. Surface ulceration, corneal stromal edema and inflammatory infiltrate into the cornea were not seen in this study. The eyes in Group 9, the untreated group (normal mice, no scopolamine treatment), were within normal limits. There was some minimal nonsuppurative inflammation of the eye lids scattered throughout all groups, but the conjunctiva, retina, lacrimal glands and other parts of the eye were within normal limits. Goblet cells appeared to be within limits in all groups. Goblet cells are a primary producer of mucin which helps the tears form a stronger more adhesive film.

Mild to moderate corneal changes were noted in all groups except the untreated normal eye group (Group 9) and were slightly more severe in Group 1, the vehicle-treated group and Group 2, the low dose of the peptide of SEQ ID NO: 197, in comparison to the other treatment groups. These findings were consistent with the positive beneficial effects of increased tear production on the cornea.

When histological scores of the various treatment groups were compared to the histological scores in the cyclosporine group to determine if any other treatments produced “similar score reductions” to cyclosporine, Groups 4, 6, and 7 were found to be not significantly different than the cyclosporine group scores. Thus, these three treatments, mid and high-dose of the peptide of SEQ ID NO: 172 and the high-dose of the peptide of SEQ ID NO: 197, were the most effective, after cyclosporine, in reducing/ameliorating the corneal changes associated with this murine dry eye model. 

1. A method of treatment of the human or animal body comprising administering to a subject a JNK inhibitor, selected from the group consisting of: a) a JNK inhibitor, which comprises an inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence according to the following general formula: (SEQ ID NO: 1) X1—X2—X3—R—X4—X5—X6—L—X7—L—X8,

wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from amino acids R, P, Q and r, wherein X2 is an amino acid selected from amino acids R, P, G and r, wherein X3 is an amino acid selected from amino acids K, R, k and r, wherein X4 is an amino acid selected from amino acids P and K, wherein X5 is an amino acid selected from amino acids T, a, s, q, k or is absent, wherein X6 is an amino acid selected from amino acids T, D and A, wherein X7 is an amino acid selected from amino acids N, n, r and K; and wherein X8 is an amino acid selected from F, f and w, and wherein an amino acid residue given in capital letters indicates an L-amino acid, while an amino acid residue given in small letters indicates a D amino acid residue, with the proviso that at least one of the amino acids selected from the group consisting of X1, X2, X3, X5, X7 and X8 is/are a D-amino acid(s), and b) a JNK inhibitor which comprises an inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence sharing at least at least 80% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1 as defined in a), with the proviso that with respect to SEQ ID NO: 1 such inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence sharing sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1 maintains the L-arginine (R) residue of SEQ ID NO: 1 at position 4 and the two L-leucine (L) residues of SEQ ID NO: 1 at positions 8 and 10 and that at least one of the remaining amino acids in said sequence sharing at least at least 80% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1 is a D-amino acid.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the amino acids selected from the group consisting of X3, X5, X7 and X8 is/are a D-amino acid(s).
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the JNK inhibitor comprises an inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence sharing at least 80% sequence identity with a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-27.
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence is selected from anyone of SEQ ID NOs: 2-27.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the JNK inhibitor comprises SEQ ID NO: 8 or an inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence sharing at least 80% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:
 8. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the JNK inhibitor comprises a transporter sequence.
 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence and the transporter sequence overlap.
 8. The method according to claim 6, wherein the transporter sequence comprises a sequence of alternating D- and L-amino acids according to anyone of SEQ ID NOs: 28-30.
 9. The method according to claim 6, wherein said transporter sequence is selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 31-170.
 10. (canceled)
 11. The method according to a of claim 6, wherein said transporter sequence is positioned directly N-terminal or directly C-terminal of the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence.
 12. The method according to claim 6, wherein the JNK inhibitor comprises a) a sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 171-190, or b) a sequence sharing at least 50% sequence identity with at least one of SEQ ID NOs: 171-190, with the proviso that said sequence sharing sequence identity anyone of SEQ ID NOs: 171-190: i) maintains the L-arginine (R) residue on position 4 in its sequence stretch corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1, ii) maintains the two L-leucine (L) in its sequence stretch corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1, and iii) exhibits at least one D-amino acid at positions X1, X2, X3, X5, X7 or X8 in its sequence stretch corresponding to SEQ ID NO:
 1. 13. The method according to claim 6, wherein the JNK inhibitor comprises a) the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 172 or b) a sequence sharing 50% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 172, with the proviso that said sequence sharing 50% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 172 i) maintains the L-arginine (R) residue on position 4 in its sequence stretch corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1, ii) maintains the two L-leucine (L) in its sequence stretch corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1, and iii) exhibits at least one D-amino acid at positions X1, X2, X3, X5, X7 or X8 in its sequence stretch corresponding to SEQ ID NO:
 1. 14.-16. (canceled)
 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein said JNK inhibitor is administered intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intradermally, transdermally, enterally, orally, rectally, topically, nasally, locally, intranasally, epidermally, by patch delivery, by instillation, intravitreally, subconjunctivally and/or intratympanically.
 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein said method is for treatment of diseases and/or disorders selected from inflammatory diseases, diseases of the eye, diseases of the bone, neural diseases, neuronal diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, diseases of the skin, immune and/or autoimmune diseases, diseases of the mouth, metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, proliferative diseases, diseases of the ear, diseases of the intestine, and/or diseases of the respiratory system.
 19. The method according to claim 1, wherein said method is for treatment of diseases and/or disorders selected from acute inflammation, chronic inflammation, inflammation in the eye, inflammation in the mouth, inflammation of the respiratory system, inflammation of the lung, inflammation of the skin, inflammation within the cardiovascular system, inflammation of the brain, inflammation in the ear, mucositis, stomatitis, peri-implantitis, retinitis, chorioiditis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), uveitis, anterior uveitis, intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, periodontitis, COPD, asthma, pulpitis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, Crohn's disease, psoriatic arthritis, vasculitis, interstitial cystitis; acute inflammation at a site of infection or wound, meningitis, encephalitis, pneumonia, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis, otitis media, vasculitis, synovitis, enteritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis graft rejection, ear diseases, diseases of the inner ear, hearing loss, acute hearing loss, damaged hair cell stereocilia, hair cell apoptosis, noise trauma, otitis, otitis media, diabetes, diabetes type 1, diabetes type 2, Fabry disease, Gaucher disease, hypothermia, hyperthermia, hypoxia, lipid histiocytosis, lipidoses, metachromatic leukodystrophy, mucopolysaccharidosis, Niemann Pick disease, obesity, Wolman's disease, Alexander disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), apoplexy, Ataxia Telangiectasia, cut or otherwise disrupted axons, axotomy, brain lesions, CMT (Charcot-Marie-Tooth), corticobasal degeneration, dementia, diseases or disorders of the nervous system, dystonia, epilepsy, Farber's disease, Friedreich ataxia (SCA), gangliosidoses, Guillain-Barr syndrome, hereditary spastic paraplegia, Hirschsprung's disease, human immunodeficiency virus dementia, Huntington's disease, infarct of the brain, ischemic stroke, Krabbe disease, Lennox Gastaut Syndrome, lissencephaly, multiple sclerosis, myelodysplastic syndromes, myelopathy, AIDS-related neurodegenerative diseases, neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF-2), neurolatyerism, neuronal apoptosis, neuronal death, neuropathic pain, neuropathy, chemotherapy induced neuropathy, diabetes induced neuropathy, NMDA-induced neurotoxicity, pain, Parkinson's disease, parkinsonism, Pick's Disease, polyneuropathy, progressive supranuclear palsy, Sandhoff disease, spina bifida, stroke, Tay Sachs, TBI (diffuse axonal injury), treatment of dark neurone induced for example by an inflammatory pain, West Syndrome, spinal muscular atrophy, autoimmune diseases of the CNS, auto-inflammatory diseases, Celiac disease; Siogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, arthritis, disc herniation, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), osteopetrosis, osteoporosis, diabetes induced osteoporosis, Paget's Disease, psoriasis, age-related macular degeneration (AMD); angioid streaks; anterior ischemic optic neuropathy; cataract, in particular age related cataract; central exudative chorioretinopathy; central serous chorioretinopathy; chalazion; chorioderemia; chorioiditis; choroidal sclerosis; conjunctivitis; cyclitis; diabetic retinopathy; dry eye syndrome; endophthalmitis; episcleritis; eye infection; fundus albipunctatus; gyrate atrophy of choroid and retina; hordeolum: inflammatory diseases of the blephara; inflammatory diseases of the choroid; inflammatory diseases of the ciliary body; inflammatory diseases of the conjunctiva; inflammatory diseases of the cornea; inflammatory diseases of the iris; inflammatory diseases of the lacrimal gland; inflammatory diseases of the orbital bone; inflammatory diseases of the sclera; inflammatory diseases of the vitreous body: inflammatory diseases of the uvea; inflammatory diseases of the retina; irititis; keratitis; Leber's disease; multifocal choroiditis; myositis of the eye muscle; neovascular maculopathy (e.g. caused by high myopia, tilted disc syndrome, choroidal osteoma or the like); NMDA induced retinotoxicity; non-chronic or chronic inflammatory eye diseases: Oguchi's disease; optic nerve disease; orbital phlegmon; panophtalmitis; panuveitis; post caspule opacification; posterior capsule opacification (PCO) (a cataract after-surgery complication); proliferative vitreoretinopathy; retinal artery occlusion; retinal detachment, retinal diseases; retinal injuries; retinal macroaneurysm; retinal pigment epithelium detachment; retinal vein occlusion; retinitis; retinitis pigmentosa retinitis punctata albescens; retinopathy, in particular retinopathy of prematurity and diabetic retinopathy; scleritis; Stargardt's disease; treatment of inflamed ocular wounds and/or ocular wound edges treatment of intraocular inflammation after eye surgery or trauma; vitelliform macular dystrophy; periodontitis, in particular chronic periodontitis; oral desquamative disorders, oral liquen planus, pemphigus vulgaris; temporomandibular joint disorder; cancer and tumor diseases, acusticus neurinoma lung carcinomas; acute lymphocytic leukemia (L1, L2, L3); acute lymphoid leukaemia (ALL); acute myelogenous leukemia (AML); adenocarcinomas; anal carcinoma; bronchial carcinoma; cervix carcinoma; cervical cancer; astrocytoma; basalioma; cancer with Bcr-Abl transformation; bladder cancer; blastomas; bone cancer; brain metastases; brain tumours; breast cancer; Burkitt's lymphoma; carcinoids; cervical cancer, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL); chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML); colon cancer, colon carcinoma; corpus carcinoma; craniopharyngeomas; CUP syndrome; virus-induced tumours; EBV-induced B cell lymphoma; endometrium carcinoma; erytholeukemia (M6); esophagus cancer; gallbladder cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumors; gastrointestinal tumours; genitourinary cancer; glaucoma; glioblastoma; gliomas; head/neck tumours; hepatitis B-induced tumours; hepatocell carcinomas; hepatomas; herpes virus-induced tumours; Hodgkin's syndrome; HTLV-1-induced lymphomas; HTLV-2-induced lymphomas; insulinomas; intestinal cancer; Kaposi's sarcoma; kidney cancer; kidney carcinomas; laryngeal cancer; leukemia; lid tumour; liver cancer; liver metastases; lung cancer, lymphoid cancer, lymphomas; malignant melanomas; mammary carcinomas; mantle cell lymphoma; medulloblastoma; megakaryoblastic leukemia (M7); melanoma, in particular malignant melanoma; meningioma; mesothelioma; monocytic leukemia (MS); multiple myeloma; mycosis fungoides; myeloblastic leukemia (M1); myeloblastic leukemia (M2); myelomonocytic leukemia (M4); neurinoma; non-Hodgkin's lymphomas; non-small cell carcinoma; non-small cell carcinoma of the lung; oesophageal cancer; oesophageal carcinoma; oligodendroglioma; ovarian cancer, ovarian carcinoma; pancreatic cancer; pancreatic carcinoma; papilloma virus-induced carcinomas; penis cancer; pituitary tumour, plasmocytoma; promyelocytic leukemia (M3); prostate cancer; prostate tumours; rectal tumours; rectum carcinoma; renal-cell carcinoma; retinoblastoma; sarcomas; Schneeberger's disease; small cell lung carcinomas; small intestine cancer, small intestine tumours; soft tissue tumours; spinalioma; squamous cell carcinoma; stomach cancer; testicular cancer; throat cancer; thymoma; thyroid cancer; thyroid carcinoma; tongue cancer, undifferentiated AML (MO); urethral cancer; uterine cancer; vaginal cancer, Von Hippel Lindau disease; vulval cancer Wilms' Tumor Xeroderma pigmentosum; arterial hypertension; arteriosclerosis; arteriosclerotic lesions; Behcet's syndrome; bifurcations of blood vessels; cardiac hypertrophy; cardiavascular hypertrophy; cardiomyopathies, in particular chemotherapy induced cardiomyopathies; cerebral ischemia; coronary heart diseases; dilatation of the abdominal aorta; focal cerebral ischemia; global cerebral ischemia; heart hypertrophy; infrarenal aneurism hypertension; ischemia; myocardial infarct, in particular acute myocardial infarction; myocarditis; reperfusion; restenosis; Wegener's granulomatosis; acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); chronic illnesses involving the respiratory system; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); cystic fibrosis; diseases of the lung; inflammatory lung diseases; pneumonia pulmonary fibrosis; colitis, atypical colitis, chemical colitis; collagenous colitis, distal colitis, diversion colitis; fulminant colitis, indeterminate colitis, infectious colitis, ischemic colitis, lymphocytic colitis, microscopic colitis, gastroenteritis, Hirschsprung's disease, inflammatory digestive diseases; Morbus Crohn, non-chronic or chronic digestive diseases, non-chronic or chronic inflammatory digestive diseases; regional enteritis; ulcerative colitis; bacterial infectious diseases, viral infectious diseases, viral encephalitis viral induced cancers and tumours, human immunodeficiency virus dementia, meningitis, meningoencephalitis, encephalomyelitis; tonsillitis; Aarskog syndrome, acetaminophen hepatotoxicity; Alder-Reilly anomaly; alopecia areata; alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency; anaphylaxis; apoptosis; apoptotic cell death; atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome; basopenia; basophilia; bipolar disorders; burns; cellular shear stress; Chedial-Higashi syndrome; DNA damage due to chemotherapeutic drugs; cholestasis; chromosome 11, Partial Monosomy 11q; chromosome 22, Trisomy Mosaic; chronic granulomatous disease; hepatitis, such as chronic or fulminant hepatitis; clinical depression; common variable hypogammaglobulinemia; congenital C3 deficiency; CTL protection from activation-induced cell death (AICD); deafness; depression and depressive disorders (in particular prevention of depressive disorders develop on a background of cytokine-induced sickness behaviour), DiGeorge's syndrome; diseases caused by defective apoptosis; diseases of the liver; diseases of the spine; diseases of the uterus; diseases states and symptoms due to exposure to DNA damaging agents and/or ionizing radiation and resulting cellular stress; Down Syndrome; Duchenne muscular dystrophy; ectodermal dysplasias; endometriosis; eosinopenia; eosinophilia; exocitoxic cell death; fetal alcohol syndrome; fibrosis; fibrotic disease; formation of fibrous tissue; free radicals (leading to cellular stress); graft rejection; graft versus host disease; hair loss; hemolytic uremic syndrome; hepatotoxicity; hyperalgesia, such as diabetes induced hyperalgesia; hyperthermia; hypoglycemia; hypothyroidism; idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome; IgA nephropathy; infantile sex-linked agammaglobulinemia; inflammatory pain; infrarenal aneyrism; islet regeneration, islet transplantation, Job's syndrome (hyper-lgE); lazy leukocyte syndrome; leukocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; leukodystrophy; leukopenia; lymphocytic leukocytosis; lymphocytopenia; lymphocytosis; major depression, mania; maniac depression; Marfan syndrome; mastocytosis; May Hegglin Anomaly; membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis Type II; monocytopenia; monocytosis; myeloperoxidase deficiency-benign; myopathies; neutropenia; neutrophilia; Nezelofs syndrome; organ transplantation; oxidative stress injuries; Pelger-Huet anomaly; polycystic kidney diseases; post-dialysis syndrome; radiation syndromes; radiotherapy; renal diseases; renal failure; rescuing CTL from activation induced cell death; severe combined immunodeficiency disease; transplant rejection; transplantation; trisomy; unipolar depression; UV-induced injuries; Wiskott Aldrich syndrome; wound healing; and atherosclerosis. 20.-29. (canceled)
 30. The method according to claim 1, wherein the JNK inhibitor is used complementary to or in context of coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG surgery); percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA); and/or stent treatment/stent placement. 31.-64. (canceled)
 65. The method according to claim 1, wherein the JNK inhibitor consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 172. 66. The method according to claim 1, wherein a pharmaceutical composition comprising the JNK inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is administered. 